Marc Aoude,1 Marc Mousallem,1 Majd Abdo,1 Bryan Youssef,1 Hampig Raphael Kourie1 and Humaid O. Al-Shamsi2,3,4,5
1Department of Hematology-Oncology, Hotel Dieu De France Hospital, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, Lebanon. 2Department of Oncology, Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. 3Innovation and Research Center, Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. 4College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. 5Emirates Oncology Society, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. (Correspondence to: Marc Aoude:
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer worldwide, characterized by multifactorial pathogenesis and a heterogeneous geographic distribution. The complexity of this malignancy has evolved, with environmental and genetic factors and treatment strategies being more studied.
Aims: We aimed to group and organize the clinicopathological and epidemiological features of GC in the Arab World and compare with data from Western countries.
Methods: To obtain the highest number of topic-related articles, an extensive electronic search was conducted in the PubMed MEDLINE and Cochrane databases up to March 2022 using Boolean operators with a combination of keywords and MeSH terms. A total of 42 articles were retained after screening in accordance with the objectives of the study. The estimated age-standardized incidence rates in the Arab World were collected from the GLOBOCAN 2020 database.
Results: A total of 46 articles were retrieved from 11 countries in the Arab World. Epidemiological elements were collected, especially tumour attributes, risk factors and population characteristics, in addition to some therapeutic strategies. Results were regrouped by theme and then organized in tables and charts, allowing a global and regional approach to the subject.
Conclusion: This review shows that the Arab World is considered a low-rate GC incidence region, presenting almost the same tumour characteristics as the Western countries. The lack of GC data in the Arab World should trigger a rise in research on this type of malignancy to better understand the subject.
Keywords: gastric cancer, review, Arab World, incidence, epidemiology
Citation: Aoude M; Mousallem M; Abdo M; Youssef B; Kourie HR; Al-Shamsi HO. Gastric cancer in the Arab World: a systematic review. East Mediterr Health J. 2022;28(7):521–531. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.22.051
Received: 03/01/22; accepted: 11/05/22
Copyright © World Health Organization (WHO) 2022. Open Access. Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).
Introduction
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer worldwide (1,2). The male to female ratio is 2:1. It ranks fourth in cancer-related mortality, with more than 768 000 deaths in 2020 (1). In most cases, this type of malignancy grows from epithelial cells, leading to adenocarcinomas, commonly divided into 2 types according to Lauren’s classification: diffuse and intestinal (3,4). As with all types of cancer, GC presents at specific metastasis sites, with liver, peritoneal surface and distant lymph nodes being the most frequent (2,5).
The pathogenesis is multifactorial with a heteroge-neous geographic distribution. The environmental factors are: high consumption of salted food, low socioeconomic status, smoking, low intake of fruits and vegetables, Epstein-Barr virus infection (6,7) and, especially, Helicobacter pylori infection (8,9). The genetic factors are less detailed, although some genetic profiles, such as the E-cadherin, IL-1B, mutation, are known to increase the risk of developing this malignancy (6,10,11).
The epidemiological features of GC have been widely studied in Western countries, making them well understood (12,13). However, there is a lack of unified data when considering the epidemiology of GC in the Middle East and Arab countries (14,15).
Arab countries are countries in North Africa and West Asia that have Arabic as their native language. Despite the large differences in the environment and lifestyle of these countries, they still share genetic and cultural similarities and have common scientific societies. Therefore, they can be looked on as a single epidemiological entity.
This review, the first of its kind in the Arab World, aims to regroup all the available information on GC in this region, discuss the clinicopathological and epidemiological factors and compare them with data from Western countries, and propose new public health strategies for GC control. .
Methods
To obtain a maximum number of articles, an extensive electronic search of the literature was conducted in the PubMed MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases, retrieving all the articles published from December 1971 to March 2022. Using Boolean operators, the MeSH terms “stomach neoplasm” and keywords “gastric” and “cancer” were used in combination with MeSH terms and keywords related to the Arab World: “Lebanon”, “Tunisia”, “Algeria”, “Egypt”, “Libya”, “Saudi Arabia”, “Bahrain”, “Kuwait, “Syria”, “Somalia”, “Djibouti”, “Comoros”, “Oman”, “Emirates”, “Palestine”, “Jordan”, “Qatar”, “Morocco”, “Iraq, “Mauritania”, “Sudan”, “Yemen”, “East Mediterranean”, “Middle East and North Africa”, “Arab”.
A total of 177 articles were extracted. Four of the investigators (Aoude, Moussallem, Abdo and Youssef) screened titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles, and then entire texts were analysed. This was to include studies in English or French from the Arab World that contain data on GC. Studies emphasizing H. pylori, or other topics not directly related to cancer, or cancer types other than GC, as well as studies from countries other than the Arab World were excluded. The 46 papers that correspond to the objectives were used for this review. The selection process is summarized in the PRISMA diagram (Figure 1).
This review features a collection of the estimated age-standardized incidence rates per 100 000 of GC in 2020, for both sexes and all ages in the Arab World from the GLOBOCAN 2020 database.
Results
Overview
A total of 46 articles contained information about the characteristics of GC in the Arab World. Most of the publications retrieved discussed molecular studies and risk factors, while the others presented descriptive epidemiology and treatment outcomes. Figure 2 shows the contribution of each country: Tunisia was the most active with 12 publications, followed by Oman with 8 and Egypt with 7.
Incidence
We studied the GLOBOCAN 2020 database to extract the estimated age-standardized incidence rate per 100 000 for GC in the Arab World for both sexes and all ages (40). The rates were generally in the same range for the northern part of the Arab World (Table 1) . The highest incidence rates were found in Oman (8.0) and Yemen (7.1), while the rates were lowest in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia (both 2.7), Sudan (2.5) and the Comoros (1.3).
Risk factors
Helicobacter pylori infection
Helicobacter pylori infection was one of the main GC risk factors in both sexes (16). This bacteria was relatively prevalent in the Arab World in patients with GC; a Moroccan cohort study showed an H. pylori infection rate of 57.5% (9). However, it is important to note that some countries, such as Tunisia (15), witnessed a decrease in H. pylori infection in the last decade.
In contrast, a 2009 case–control study in Oman demonstrated an absence of significant interaction between H. pylori infection and the development of GC (17).
Epstein-Barr and other viral infections
It is controversial whether Epstein-Barr virus is an important etiological factor for GC. Its prevalence in GC patients in the Arab population has been subject to many studies that demonstrated inconsistencies, noticeable even within the same country. This can be corroborated by 3 Tunisian studies showing a prevalence of 14.8% (18), 10.1% (19) and 4.1% (7) for Epstein-Barr virus infection in GC patients.
On another note, a potential emerging risk factor for GC, the John Cunningham (JC) virus, was detected in 26% of stomach cancer cases (20), with a significant predominance in the elderly and in a majority of the intestinal histological type.
Lifestyle
Lifestyle plays a major role in the development of all types of cancer, including GC. Several modifiable lifestyle risk factors have been studied in the carcinogenesis of stomach tumours. The most relevant risk factor in the Arab populations was tobacco (4), with a prevalence of 30.4% (P = 0.02). Alcohol, tea, high nutrient intake (21) and drinking untreated water (22) were associated with 3 times greater odds of developing GC.
On the other hand, one particular Omani study conducted in 2009 demonstrated the absence of significant interaction between smoking and GC development (17) and certain protective factors have been described in previous research, notably adherence to the Mediterranean diet along with a high level of education (21).
Genetics – biomarkers
Over the last few years, modern medicine has increasingly revealed relationships between genetics and carcinogenesis, focusing on its contribution to the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment outcome of tumours.
Several genetic biomarkers have been identified among GC patients in a number of studies conducted in the Arab region. Some genetic characteristics have been linked to an increased risk of developing gastric carcinoma when associated with H. pylori infection, notably: polymorphism in IL-1β-31C and IL-1RN alleles (23,24); serum soluble E-cadherin level above 5 μg/mL (25); plasma miR‐204, miR‐182 and lncRNA H19 (26). Stomach cancer patients had significantly higher levels of Braf, K-ras, methylated MGMT and methylated MLH1 (27) as well as TP53 promoter hypomethylation (28). In a 2019 Saudi Arabian study, the prevalence of HER3 was 16% in GC patients (29).
A 2009 case–control study in Oman suggested that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms do not play any role in GC risk predisposition (30).
Prognostic factors
The prognostic aspect of genetic biomarkers has been considered in several studies. For instance, CD133 was found to be a predictive biomarker of tumour recurrence and metastasis (31). It has been demonstrated that methylation of the tumour-related gene p16INK4a (19), the genetic profile p53+/Ki-67+/Bcl2- (32), as well as COX-2 expression, could be potentially predictive of poor prognosis (33).
Epidemiological and histopathological features
Research studies from the Arab World having extensive data on tumour location, staging, grading, Lauren’s classification and H. pylori infection are illustrated in Table 2. Findings from other studies with less extensive information are reported in the introduction section.
The most common histological type among GC patients in the retrieved articles was primary adenocarcinoma (34); the rest were mainly malignant stromal tumours, lymphomas and carcinoids (14) (Table 1). Among the adenocarcinoma groups, Lauren’s intestinal type was the commonest (23,29), followed by diffuse type, mixed type and adenosquamous carcinoma (25,35). However, the findings vary from one region to another, with some studies showing a higher frequency of diffuse-type than intestinal-type (7).
Tumour localization was described in most of the studies included in our review, with third distal localization (antrum, pylorus) being the most frequent (14,25), followed by, body (middle part) and proximal (cardia, fundus) sites (Table 1).
Most GC patients were diagnosed at advanced stages (III and IV) (7,34) (Table 1). The 5-year overall survival rate of the patients was low in advanced cancer stages (36).
Treatment outcomes
Cancer treatment has been evolving throughout the years, with many improvements in surgical procedures, chemotherapy protocols and targeted therapies, along with a more personalized approach to cancer management (37). Surgery is the main treatment for GC, because it offers the only potential for cure, with total, subtotal and distal gastrectomy being the most common procedures (15,36).
Some clinical trials have been conducted in the Arab World to assess the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs in patients with GC. On the one hand, preoperative administration of Imatinib was stated as being very effective, producing a great improvement in symptoms and an overall reduction in tumour size and density, which subsequently made the resection process a lot easier (38). On the other hand, neoadjuvant chemotherapy using 5FU-Cisplatin and Docetaxel has shown no benefit in advanced GC, with significant toxicity, such as neutropenia and weight loss (39).
Discussion
Gastric cancer data in the Arab World
Data on incidence of gastric cancer in the Arab World is scanty. Although an extensive search was conducted using several keywords and MeSH terms, including all types of studies, in French or English, for all years, only 46 articles were retrieved. An important observation was that only 11 out of the 22 Arab countries were indicated in the selected papers.
The cancer incidence and mortality data in GLOBOCAN (41) related to the Arab countries were not all extracted from national cancer registries due to a lack of data in some countries. For example, statistics from the Syrian Arab Republic and the Comoros were estimated from nearby regions because of the lack of national data.
These findings suggest that the Arab World needs major investment in cancer research by establishing national registries and publishing new studies.
Incidence
Looking at global statistics, the hotspots for GC incidence and mortality are in East Asia, Eastern Europe and South America (42). A recent review identified the low-risk regions as Southern Asia, North America, Africa, Australia and New Zealand (43). Some consistent numbers can be extracted from a 2014 American review; for example, the age-standardized incidence rate per 100 000 in men was 65.9 in Korea versus 3.3 in Egypt (44).
The totality of these findings is compatible with the GLOBOCAN 2020 database, and the study can conclude that the Arab World is categorized among the low GC risk regions.
Demographics
The mean age of the GC populations in the Egyptian articles was around 50 years, while the average for the rest of the Arab World countries was around 60 years; the median age at diagnosis was 70 years in Western studies (43,44). Further investigations are needed to determine if these findings are related to the younger age of the Arab populations in general.
According to the Western series, men are 2–3 times more susceptible than women to developing GC (42,43), which is similar to findings for the Arab population.
Risk factors
The association between tobacco and GC is relatively controversial. In most of the studies, smoking was a significant risk factor (4) and could increase the odds of GC development by a factor of 3 (22). In Lebanon, smoking was considered a major GC risk factor (16). A meta-analysis of cohort studies conducted in Portugal demonstrated that the GC risk increased by 60% in male smokers and 20% in female smokers (45). In contrast, a study in Oman determined an absence of association between smoking and GC (17). Other research efforts have failed to establish any positive association (46).
On the other hand, the relationship between the Mediterranean diet and GC was much clearer. Numerous studies in this review highlighted the fact that the Mediterranean diet was a protective factor against developing GC. The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research summed up that fruit and vegetables protect against GC. An Italian case–control study generated the same findings, alongside the fact that non-alcohol consumption played a defensive role against GC (47), which is also shown in our review. These findings could partially explain the low incidence rates of GC in the Arab population.
Two Tunisian studies found that the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus-associated GC was 10% and 14.8% (18,19). This is generally compatible with an international meta-analysis of 70 studies with a total of 15 592 GC patients distributed in Europe, America and Asia where the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus accounted for 8.7% of GC cases overall (48).
It is important to mention H. pylori, the most important GC risk factor, and the World Health Organization class I carcinogen (49). This bacterial infection is estimated to cause 65–80% of all GC cases (50). In this study, H. pylori was investigated in 1323 patients in North Africa and 362 in Western Asia and the prevalence was 30% and 42%, respectively, confirming that it is also a major risk factor in the region (50). There is evidence that the occurrence of H. pylori was closely related to the intestinal subtype (43), which was similar in the studies from Libya (51) and Egypt (25). H. pylori screening was not taken into account in all of the articles we retrieved and the methods used may not have been sufficiently sensitive, thus leading to an underestimation of the numbers (52).
The results of this Arab World review could be a trigger for designing new education programmes and campaigns to raise awareness of this health issue.
Tumour characteristics and outcomes
Lauren’s GC histologic classification distinguishes 2 main GC subtypes: intestinal carcinoma (characterized by visible glands and cohesion between malignant cells) and the diffuse subtype (identified by poorly cohesive infiltrating tumour cells and rare or no glands). Several studies agree that the intestinal subtype is the most common (53), which is in agreement with the findings of GC classification in the Arab countries (summarized in Table 1).
From the data on Table 1, it is apparent that in the Arab region, GC is mainly detected at advanced stages. Research in Western countries found the same, adding that diagnosis at advanced stages increases mortality, making it the third most common cancer-related death (42).
Our review shows that the most common site for gastric tumours is the lower third of the stomach, including the antrum and pylorus (25). This result is inconsistent with the findings of a North American review stating that tumours of the lower part of the stomach have decreased in the last few decades, with cardia GC affecting predominantly Caucasian populations (54).
The 5-year overall survival of GC accounted for 16.5% and 21.1% respectively in Oman and Jordan (6,14). These findings are similar to the international rates: a comparative study of different 5-year overall survival of GC noted that the rates ranged from 10 to 30% in several European countries and the United States of America (55). The only cited exception was in the high incidence country of Japan, where the survival rates were higher, reaching 50–70% for early stages (56). This could be explained through the mass screening programmes implemented in that country to reduce the high incidence and elevated mortality rates of the disease.
The oncogenic potential of the John Cunningham virus
The JC virus is a polyomavirus commonly infecting humans and its oncogenic potential is mediated by the T-antigen. A western study was designed to find the possible relation between the JC virus and GC (57), finding that the T-antigen protein expression was detected in 39% of the GC cases and none of the non-neoplastic tissues. A Tunisian study also found that this virus is a potential emerging risk factor with a prevalence of 26% of the cases (20).
Strengths and weaknesses
First, a wide combination of MeSH terms along with keywords was used, which helped in the extraction of a maximum number of articles on GC in the Arab World in 2 different databases. In addition to articles in English, we analysed papers published in French since it is also a commonly used language in the region. Most importantly, this review is the first of its kind in the Arab countries combining the few original articles on the subject. The current work summarizes GC tumour characteristics along with an overview of endemic risk factors and other particularities of the region.
Weaknesses are identified as missing data on prevention and screening strategies, as well as genomic characteristics and hereditary syndromes such as hereditary diffuse GC and familial adenomatous polyposis.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this review shows that the Arab World is a low-rate GC incidence region, presenting tumour characteristics similar to those of Western countries, despite some differences like age of presentation. However, the number of studies and the overall data regarding this subject are scarce. A greater number of studies and an increase in national data are required to obtain a more representative overview and a better understanding of the disease in this region.
Funding: None
Competing interests: None declared.
Cancer de l'estomac dans le monde arabe : une analyse systématique
Résumé
Contexte : Le cancer de l'estomac est le quatrième cancer le plus fréquent dans le monde. Il se caractérise par une pathogenèse multifactorielle et une distribution géographique hétérogène. La complexité de cette tumeur maligne a évolué, les facteurs environnementaux et génétiques ainsi que les stratégies de traitement étant davantage étudiés.
Objectifs : Notre objectif consistait à regrouper et organiser les caractéristiques clinicopathologiques et épidémiologiques du cancer de l'estomac dans le monde arabe et les comparer aux données provenant des pays occidentaux.
Méthodes : Afin d'obtenir le plus grand nombre d'articles liés au sujet, une recherche en ligne approfondie a été menée dans les bases de données PubMed/MEDLINE et Cochrane jusqu'en mars 2022 en utilisant des opérateurs booléens avec une combinaison de mots-clés et de termes MeSH. Au total, 42 articles ont été retenus après une sélection conforme aux objectifs de l'étude. Les taux d'incidence standardisés selon l'âge dans le monde arabe ont été recueillis à partir de la base de données GLOBOCAN 2020.
Résultats : Au total, 46 articles provenant de 11 pays du monde arabe ont été extraits. Des données épidémiologiques ont été recueillies, notamment les caractéristiques des tumeurs, les facteurs de risque et les caractéristiques de la population, ainsi que certaines stratégies thérapeutiques. Les résultats ont été regroupés par thème, puis organisés sous forme de tableaux et de graphiques, de telle sorte qu'ils permettent de traiter le sujet à l'échelle mondiale et régionale.
Conclusion : Cette analyse montre que le monde arabe est considéré comme une région à faible incidence de cancer de l'estomac, où les caractéristiques des tumeurs sont sensiblement les mêmes que dans les pays occidentaux. Le manque de données sur le cancer de l'estomac dans le monde arabe devrait susciter une augmentation des recherches concernant ce type de tumeur maligne afin de mieux comprendre le sujet.
سرطان المعدة في العالم العربي: استعراض منهجي
مارك عودة، مارك مسلم، مجد عبده، براين يوسف، هامبيك رفايل كوريه، حميد عبيد الشامسي
الخلاصة
الخلفية: يُعدُّ سرطان المعدة رابع أكثر أنواع السرطانات شيوعًا في العالم، ويتميز بأنه ينشأ عن عوامل متعددة، وله توزيع جغرافي غير متجانس. وقد تطور تعقيد هذا الورم الخبيث، مع خضوع العوامل البيئية والجينية واستراتيجيات العلاج لمزيد من الدراسة.
الأهداف: هدفت هذه الدراسة الى تجميع وتنظيم السمات السريرية الباثولوجية والوبائية لسرطان المعدة في العالم العربي ومقارنتها ببيانات من بلدان غربية.
طرق البحث: للحصول على أكبر عدد من المقالات المتعلقة بالموضوع، أُجريَ بحث إلكتروني موسع في قاعدتَي بيانات PubMed MEDLINE وCochrane حتى مارس 2022 باستخدام عوامل منطقية (Boolean) مع مزيج من الكلمات المفتاحية ومصطلحات العناوين الرئيسية للموضوعات الطبية (MeSH). وجرى الاحتفاظ بما مجموعه 42 مقالًا بعد الفرز وفقًا لأهداف الدراسة. وجُمعت معدلات الإصابة المقدَّرة المُوحَّدة حسب السن في العالم العربي من قاعدة بيانات GLOBOCAN 2020.
النتائج: جرى الحصول على ما مجموعه 46 مقالًا من 11 بلدًا في العالم العربي. وجرى جمع العناصر الوبائية، ولا سيما خصائص الأورام، وعوامل الخطر، وخصائص السكان، بالإضافة إلى بعض الاستراتيجيات العلاجية. وأُعيد تجميع النتائج حسب الموضوع، ثم نُظِّمت في جداول ومخططات، الأمر الذي أتاح اتباعَ نهجٍ عالمي وإقليمي إزاء الموضوع.
الاستنتاجات: يُبيِّن هذا الاستعراض أن العالم العربي يُعدُّ منطقة ذات معدل منخفض للإصابة بسرطان المعدة، إذ تُظهِر خصائصَ الأورام نفسها تقريبًا التي تظهر في الدول الغربية. وينبغي أن يؤدي نقص بيانات سرطان المعدة في العالم العربي إلى زيادة الأبحاث المتعلقة بهذا النوع من الأورام الخبيثة، من أجل التوصل إلى فهم أفضل للموضوع.
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