Jessica Spagnolo,1,2 Fatma Charfi,3,4,5 Nesrine Bram,4,6 Leila Larbi Doghri 7 and Wahid Melki4,8,9
1Centre de recherche Charles-Le-Moyne-Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean sur les innovations en santé Campus de Longueuil – Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. 2Département des sciences de la santé communautaire, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. 3Department of Child Psychiatry, Mongi-Slim Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia. 4Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia. 5Suicide Prevention Technical Committee, Ministry of Health, Tunis, Tunisia (Correspondence to: F. Charfi:
Citation: Spagnolo J; Charfi F; Bram N; Doghri LL; Melki W. What did we learn from a pilot trial to inform the scale-up of training based on the Mental Health Gap Action Programme in Tunisia? East Mediterr Health J. 2021;27(6):542–545. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.21.021
Received: 21/06/20; accepted:12/08/20
Copyright © World Health Organization (WHO) 2021. Open Access. Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo)
Background
Primary care is an important part of global mental health, including in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). It is a promising way of increasing access to needed, timely, comprehensive and effective mental health services (1). Given the connection between mental and physical illness (2), vertical (stand-alone) programmes targeting mental illness and substance use disorders, traditionally favoured in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), are not as effective as integrated approaches (3). The EMR has developed a regional framework that identifies feasible and cost-effective solutions to better mental health care, including the further integration of mental health into primary care settings (4) through, for example, the involvement of primary care physicians (PCPs) in mental health care (5). While this solution is promising, with many countries in the EMR that have models of care that rely on primary care staff (6,7), persistent gaps have been identified in their mental health capacity (8–10). The World Health Organization (WHO) has thus recognized mental health care as a core component of PCPs’ training (11).
The Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) Intervention Guide (IG) was developed by WHO in 2010 to increase mental health capacity in primary care and community-based settings by training nonspecialists, such as PCPs, thus improving service access for a wider population (12). mhGAP-based training has been implemented in several countries in the EMR, including Afghanistan (13,14), Egypt (13), Iraq (15), Lebanon (13, 16), Libya (13), Pakistan (13,17,18), Qatar (13), Sudan (19), Syrian Arab Republic (13,15), and Tunisia (20). The training has been used in the Region to enhance the mental health capacity of for example physicians, social workers, nurses, community health workers, family volunteers, psychosocial staff of humanitarian agencies, and pregnant women (13–20).
The first mhGAP-training programme in Tunisia (using version 1.0) (12) was offered to PCPs in the Greater Tunis area between February and May 2016. Its implementation and evaluation were undertaken collaboratively by members of the Tunisian Ministry of Health, the School of Public Health at Université de Montréal (Canada), and the WHO Office in Tunisia. Training of local trainers (3 psychiatrists) and tutors (7 PCPs in charge of continuing medical education in their respective health sectors and supporting trainees during and after the programme) was held at the end of 2015 and offered by a nonlocal consultant. The mhGAP-based training programme was meant to address PCPs’ capacity gaps in depression, suicide/self-harm, psychosis, and problems related to substance use (10), and modules were selected as priority conditions by members of the Ministry of Health involved in the implementation of the mhGAP-based training programme.
The lessons that we have learned to inform the scale-up of a mental health training programme may be useful to other countries of the EMR interested in implementing and/or scaling-up task-sharing initiatives to support commitment to integrating mental health into primary care settings (6,7). The training scale-up is being offered under the programme Essaha Aziza (or “health is precious” in Arabic), which is funded by the European Union to promote proximity health services by ensuring availability of infrastructure and training for personnel in 13 of the 24 Tunisian governorates. The remaining 11 governorates will be offered mental health training through funding provided by WHO.
Modifying policy
We found through interviews with PCPs after their participation in the pilot training programme that legislation drafted in the 1990s prevented them from prescribing certain psychotropic medications available in Tunisia and listed in the mhGAP-IG (21). This legislation was still in place during the pilot phase (21). For scale-up of the training programme, it was important to revise the legislation. Without revision, PCPs may be encouraged to refer people to specialized mental health services despite their training in administering pharmacological treatment listed in the mhGAP-IG and available in Tunisia. The Ministry of Health is committed to finding a solution to address this prescription obstacle for the scale-up phase.
Informing training content
The mhGAP-IG modules of depression, psychosis and problems related to substance use (12) were included in the training programme for scale-up. Of note, version 1.0 of the mhGAP-IG was used, given that we had already adapted the training material to the local primary healthcare context during the pilot phase (20). Three changes were made in the choice of the remaining modules, in response to evidence from interviews conducted with some trained PCPs to better understand their perceptions of the pilot programme (21). First, in the 2016 implementation of the mhGAP-based training, PCPs vocalized wanting additional training, including in the suicide/self-harm module to treat and manage suicidal behaviour. This was important given the uneven distribution of mental health specialists across the country amid a recorded increase in suicide and suicidal behaviour (22). The training programme for scale-up was complemented by a suicidal behaviour and risk management course already piloted in Tunisia. Second, Tunisian experts are elaborating a national strategy for the early detection of autism spectrum disorders by PCPs. To support PCPs in early detection, a module on autism spectrum disorders developed by Tunisian experts was included in the training programme for scale-up. This module was perceived a better fit to the country’s needs than the mhGAP-IG module on Child and Adolescent Mental and Behavioural Disorders (12). Third, the accompanying training material for the mhGAP module on conditions specifically related to stress (23) was not available in the working languages of Tunisia during the first mhGAP-based implementation (21). This was problematic since problems related to trauma and stress are more pronounced in the country. Scale-up of the training programme includes the available mhGAP module and accompanying training material on conditions specifically related to stress (23). Of note, in the context of COVID-19, many modules offered in the programme scale-up are timely in addressing the negative mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, including over the longer term (i.e., post-traumatic stress, depressive and anxiety symptoms) (24).
Operationalizing the mental health strategy
Tunisia is one of the few countries to have produced a mental health strategy in the EMR, which is one of the WHO Regions with the least number of countries to have produced a mental health plan (25). One of the main objectives of the 2013 National Strategy for Mental Health Promotion (26) is to promote the integration of mental health within primary care settings, notably through the training of PCPs. The pilot implementation of the mhGAP-IG was an attempt to further operationalize one of the Strategy’s main objectives and to generate evidence on PCP mental health training. The pilot mhGAP-based training had a significant short-term impact (6 weeks post-training) on mental health knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy scores, but not on self-reported practice. When comparing results before and 18 months after training, these changes were maintained, and self-reported referral scores decreased (20). The generated evidence from the pilot evaluation was used to promote the inclusion of the mental health training under the umbrella of initiatives offered by Essaha Aziza. Specifically, this programme aims to enhance primary care system capacity to ensure that health services are more readily available, including for the most at-risk. The inclusion of PCPs’ mental health training under the programme’s mandate is a testament to the growing importance placed on mental health prevention, promotion and treatment in public health policy and practice in Tunisia.
Encouraging sustainability
The first implementation of the mhGAP-based training relied on 3 trainer-psychiatrists and a network of PCPs with advanced mental health knowledge to support trainees during and after training (20). They were trained by a nonlocal consultant. For the scale-up of the training programme, a cascade model was used. A cascade model refers to “a series of training processes, each occurring as the result of the one before” (27) and is used to help diffuse expertise in the mental health sector (17,28–31). Specifically, a former local trainer for the first implementation of the mhGAP-based programme trained psychiatrists from the 4 Faculties of Medicine in Tunisia (Tunis, Sfax, Monastir and Sousse) in the mhGAP modules. They, in turn, will train 20 PCPs from each governorate in Tunisia as mental health resources (or mental health focal points) in frontline care, after which they will be available to provide support to other PCPs in the area. Fifty-eight PCPs with the role of mental health resource were trained between January and March 2020 – bearing in mind the interruption to the training caused by the COVID-19 restrictions. Supervision by telemedicine will be offered in 1 governorate of Tunisia as a pilot to assess a more structured way of providing support post-training.
This cascade model of training was developed not only to encourage sustainability of the training’s effects through local capacity building, but also to further support collaborations between primary and specialized mental health services. Specifically, in Tunisia, some governorates do not have psychiatrists, as they are over-represented in large cities along the coastline and in the private sector (32). Sectorization allows for public mental health services to be organized according to geographical sectors (i.e., governorates), with each sector affiliated with a university inpatient department of psychiatry (32,33). The university psychiatric inpatient units are responsible for organizing training and supervision sessions for primary healthcare professionals and for coordinating referrals (32). This sectorization structure will be respected and encouraged through the scaled-up training and beyond. Psychiatrists from the 4 Faculties of Medicine trained to use the mhGAP-IG will teach and support PCPs working in the governorates with which they are affiliated, to ensure that mental health knowledge and skills are maintained.
This new training programme for scale-up across the country aims to: (1) build on evidence from the first implementation of the mhGAP-based training (20,21) to improve mental health policy and to operationalize the National Mental Health Promotion Strategy; and (2) mobilize and include more local knowledge, initiatives and experts in supporting PCPs’ mental health capacity. As Mills and Lacroix (2019) mentioned, these unique ways of working in local contexts with standardized documents like the mhGAP “evidences creative adaptations of the guidelines linked to people’s own philosophies, and societal understandings of mental health” (35). With these considerations of context, culture and evidence from pilot-testing, task-sharing initiatives through training and specialist support, as well as their positive effects may be accepted and sustained.
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