Nourhan Saeed,1 Eman Anwar Sultan,2 Naglaa Salama,1 Mohammed Galal3 and Maha Ghanem1
1Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt. 2Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt. 3Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt. (Correspondence to: Nourhan Saeed:
Abstract
Background: Lack of diagnosis and reporting of child maltreatment are important problems worldwide.
Aims: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of physicians in Alexandria University teaching hospitals about the diagnosis and reporting of child maltreatment cases.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at three hospitals. All physicians working regularly in emergency units were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Data collected included sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of and formal training on child maltreatment, attitude to dealing with child maltreatment, and experience of child maltreatment cases and reporting behaviour.
Results: A total of 90 physicians were included in the study. Only 11% correctly identified all the signs of child maltreatment and 29% correctly answered all questions on the social indicators of maltreatment. Only 41% of the participants had a good knowledge score (≥ 75%) on child maltreatment. Longer work experience (P = 0.019) and older age (P = 0.039) were associated with better knowledge. Of 249 suspected cases of child maltreatment that the physicians reported they had experienced, only 36% were reported. Formal training on child maltreatment (P < 0.001) and older age (P = 0.006) were associated with physicians’ reporting behaviour. Over half (56%) of the participants thought their workplaces did not provide them with procedures to follow if they suspected child maltreatment.
Conclusion: Physicians’ knowledge of the signs and social indicators of child maltreatment was unsatisfactory. Clinical training and education are needed to improve their ability to diagnosis and report cases of child maltreatment.
Keywords: child abuse, physicians, knowledge, university hospitals, Egypt
Citation: Saeed N; Sultan EA; Salama N; Galal M; Ghanem M. Child maltreatment: knowledge, attitudes and reporting behaviour of physicians in teaching hospitals, Alexandria, Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2021;27(3):250–259. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.20.126
Received:03/12/19; accepted: 17/03/20
Copyright © World Health Organization (WHO) 2021. Open Access. Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).
Introduction
Child maltreatment is a problems in all countries, possibly because of failure in committing to child rights (1). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in 2016, that 1 in 2 children aged 2–17 years had suffered violence in the past year. Boys and girls are at equal risk of physical and emotional abuse and neglect, and girls are at greater risk of sexual abuse (2).
Lack of diagnosis and reporting of child maltreatment were considered the main problems in stopping the maltreatment in up to 75% of cases (3). Reporting all cases of child maltreatment is vital in order to prevent further exposure, protect children and enhance coordination between legal, medical and social services. However, physicians need preparation for the ethical and legal challenges in cases of child maltreatment. This is considered necessary because evidence suggests that, on their own, physicians are not able to deal with these challenges when confronted with them (4–6).
Few studies about child maltreatment in Egypt are available. One study estimated that 91% of children in Egypt are exposed to child abuse with varying degrees of severity (7). In Egypt, law No. 126 ensures a child’s right to be protected from all forms of violence (8). However, no law states the mandatory reporting of child maltreatment and penalties of non-reporting. In this study we, aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and opinion of physicians in Alexandria University teaching hospitals about the diagnosis and reporting of child maltreatment as an important first step to developing interventions and setting laws and legislations to protect children from maltreatment.
Methods
Setting and sample
We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study from July to December 2018 at three hospitals affiliated to Alexandria University: Main University Hospital, El-Shatby hospital and El-Hadara hospital. Our sample was all physicians (residents, teaching assistants and assistant lecturers) working in the emergency units of these hospitals on a regular basis who had frequent contact with child maltreatment cases and were willing to participate in the study.
Data collection
We used a structured self-administered questionnaire for data collection adapted from other questionnaires (9–11). The questionnaire was in English. We tested the validity and reliability of the questionnaire before use. First, we asked three Egyptian experts in the field of medical education and research at the Faculty of Medicine to assess the degree to which items in the questionnaires were relevant and could correctly measure the knowledge and attitudes of participants regarding child maltreatment. As a result of their feedback, we modified questions on the causes of underreporting and not taking action if child maltreatment was suspected to include the main possible causes relevant to the Egyptian culture.
We then pretested the questionnaire on 14 physicians who we excluded from the later study sample. They completed the questionnaire twice, 3 weeks apart. We assessed internal consistency and reliability using the Cronbach alpha and the test–retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficient. The results showed adequate internal consistency and reliability: Cronbach alpha = 0.82 and the intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.94). The pilot study also indicated some modifications were needed to the structure of the questionnaire (e.g. using simple, familiar words and clarifying some sentences).
The questionnaire had five main sections:
Sociodemographic characteristics of the physicians (age, sex, years of experience and highest scientific degree) and formal child maltreatment training.
Knowledge of physicians about child maltreatment, e.g. knowledge of signs and symptoms of child maltreatment, different forms of child maltreatment and to which legal authority child maltreatment cases should be reported.
Attitudes of physicians to child maltreatment using a five-point Likert scale and their opinions on the main causes of underreporting of child maltreatment cases.
Experience of physicians of cases of child maltreatment, their reporting behaviour with suspected cases of child maltreatment and barriers to reporting suspected cases.
Physicians’ satisfaction with their knowledge of child maltreatment and procedures of dealing with child maltreatment, and their desire to improve their knowledge and how they could do this.
The physicians completed the questionnaire with a researcher available for any questions. As the researcher dealt with the respondents personally, there was no risk of the same physician
completing the questionnaire more than once. The questionnaire took on average about 15–20 minutes to complete.
Data analysis
We used SPSS, version 20.0 for data entry and analysis (12,13). For testing associations between qualitative variables, we used the chi-squared, Fisher exact and Monte Carlo tests. For normally distributed quantitative variables, we used a two-sample t-test to compare between two groups and ANOVA to compare between more than two groups. We considered P ≤ 0.05 statistically significant.
For each knowledge question, we assigned a score of 1 for a correct answer and 0 for an incorrect answer. The maximum total score was 21. We summed the scores and calculated the total percentage score. We rated the total percentage scores as follows: < 50% = poor knowledge, 50% to < 75% = fair knowledge and ≥ 75% = good knowledge.
Ethical considerations
The Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University approved the study (IRB 0121026, FWA 00018699) on 16 November 2017. Verbal consent was collected from participants and data was collected anonymously to ensure confidentiality.
Results
The questionnaire was distributed by the researchers to all the target physicians at the emergency departments of the three studied hospitals. The physicians were asked to self-complete the questionnaire with a researcher available for any questions. Of the 120 physicians approached, 102 agreed to participate, response rate of 85%. In addition, 12 physicians did not answer some of the questions and we excluded them. Therefore, 90 respondents were included in the analysis.
The age of physicians ranged from 25 to 33 years with a mean of 28.33 (SD 1.9) years. Just over half (46 (51%)) of the physicians were men. Half of the physicians (45 (50%)) had 6–10 years of work experience, 38 (42%) had 5 years or fewer, and only 7 (8%) had more than 10 years of experience. Moreover, 37 (41%) of the sample were specialized in paediatrics, 18 (20%) were orthopaedic surgeons, 18 (20%) were forensic medicine and toxicology specialists and 17 (19%) were emergency room physicians. Most of the physicians (62 (69%)) had a bachelor’s degree and 28 (31%) had a master’s degree.
Most of physicians (83 (92%)) said that they had never received any formal training specific to child maltreatment while only 7 (8%) indicated that they had.
Knowledge of the physicians about child maltreatment is given in Table 1. Only 10 (11%) of the physicians correctly identified all the signs of child maltreatment. Burn marks was the most frequently identified sign (86 (96%)) followed by broken teeth without reasonable cause (80 (89%)). Eleven (12%) physicians did not know the signs of child maltreatment.
About a third of the physicians (29 (32%)) responded correctly to all the questions on the action that should be taken when they suspected a case of child maltreatment. Reporting the case to a legal authority was the most common chosen action (79 (88%)). Nevertheless, (5 (6%)) indicated that the physicians should not take any action. More than half of the physicians (52 (58%)) thought the case should be reported to the police and 15 (16.7%) said they did not know which authority a case should be reported to.
Regarding the circumstances in which physicians should report a case of child maltreatment to the authorities, 60 (67%) of the participants correctly identified that it should be reported in all circumstances even if the abuse is only suspected. A minority of physicians (7 (8%)) did not know when to report a case of child maltreatment.
For the social indicators of child maltreatment, 26 (29%) of the physicians correctly answered all four questions. Most (73 (81%)) identified that the abuser in most cases of child maltreatment is someone the child knows well from his/her surrounding environment, 66 (73%) correctly reported that children exposed to maltreatment generally delay telling anybody about the incident, and 64 (71%) agreed that it was better not to confront the parents and accuse them directly of the abuse. Only 46 (51.1%) of the physicians knew that child maltreatment is not primarily associated with poverty and can occur in any socioeconomic group.
The main sources of knowledge on child maltreatment were undergraduate and postgraduate courses; 50 (56%) and 20 (22%), respectively. Only 3 (3%) physicians said they had knowledge from clinical experience and 2 (2%) from online sources; 15 (17%) of the physicians had no sources of information on child maltreatment. None had obtained information through continuing education or special courses on child maltreatment.3
The overall percentage knowledge score ranged from 33.3% to 100.0% with a mean (standard deviation) of 69.47% (14.52%) and median of 71.4%. About half the physicians (44 (49%)) had fair knowledge (score 50–< 75%) and 37 (41%) had good knowledge (score ≥ 75%).
Table 2 shows the association between overall knowledge of child maltreatment, and physicians’ demographic characteristics and training of. More than 10 years of experience (P = 0.019) and age ≥ 30 years (P = 0.039) were significantly associated with better knowledge of child maltreatment. Level of knowledge was not significantly associated with sex, specialty, qualification and training on child maltreatment.
The attitude of the participants to child maltreatment is given in Table 3. Most physicians strongly agreed/agreed with the importance of detecting child maltreatment as well as the importance of their own roles in detecting and reporting cases of child physical abuse (98% and 99% respectively). Most (88%) of the participants were confident in their ability to detect cases of child maltreatment if they encountered them. Moreover, 91%, 93% and 94% of respondents, respectively, strongly agreed or agreed that documenting the signs and symptoms of abuse in the patient file, asking the child about injuries he/she had and reporting child abuse cases to a legal authority are important. Finally, more than half (57%) strongly disagreed/disagreed that the amount of material presented on the topic of child abuse and neglect in their medical school was sufficient and 85% strongly agreed/agreed that providing training on child abuse and neglect in the work place was important.
According to the physicians, the main cause of underreporting was the lack of knowledge of the referral procedures 63 (70%), followed by uncertainty about the diagnosis of child maltreatment 42 (46.7%). Few physicians 16 (17.8%) thought that lack of adequate history about the abuse case was a cause of underreporting.
Just over half 46 (51%) of the physicians had suspected at least one case child maltreatment during their work (Table 4). Of these 46 physicians, 30 (65%) had reported at least one case and 16 (35%) had not reported any case of child maltreatment. In total, these physicians had experienced 249 suspected cases of child maltreatment, of which 148 (59%) were confirmed and 89 (36%) were reported. Of the 18/90 (39%) physicians who had suspected child maltreatment but reported that they took no action, 14 (78%) reported that they did not do anything because of their lack of knowledge about referral procedures 12 (67%) said they were uncertain about their diagnosis of child maltreatment, and 12 (67%) were concerned about the possible harm the family might do to the child.
Physicians who reported child maltreatment were significantly more likely to have received formal training on child maltreatment (P < 0.001) and to be older (P = 0.006). Sex, years of experience, specialty and qualification were not significantly associated with physicians’ reporting behaviour (Table 5).
More than half of the participants 50 (56%) said that their workplace did not provide them with procedures to be followed in case of suspected child maltreatment and 24 (27%) did not know if their workplace had such procedures. Two thirds of the physicians (60 (67%)) were not satisfied with their knowledge on child maltreatment and 85 (94%) wanted to improve their knowledge on the topic. More than half of the physicians (53 (59%)) preferred informative booklets as a way to update their knowledge on child maltreatment, 28 (31%) preferred continuing education courses, 28 (31%) preferred self-study and 22 (24%) suggested modifications of the medical curriculum.
Discussion
The results of our study show that the physicians’ knowledge about the signs and social indicators of child maltreatment is unsatisfactory as only 11% correctly identified all the signs and 29% correctly answered all the questions on social indicators. Similar results have been reported in other parts of the world (9,14–16).
Burn marks was the most recognized sign (96% of physicians knew this) which in agreement with results reported in Saudi Arabia (16). A large proportion (78%) of our physicians wrongly identified bruises over bony prominences as a sign of child maltreatment, which is similar to dentists in Saudi Arabia (11), Jordan (9) and the United Arab Emirates (17). However, most such paediatric injuries (90%) are in fact unintentional (18) and not a sign of child maltreatment (19).
Suspected cases of child maltreatment should be well documented and reported to the appropriate governmental agency whose role it is to investigate the case and help in child protection. Our study found that most of the physicians (88%) thought that reporting to a legal authority was the first action that should be taken with a suspected case of child maltreatment which is higher than reported in dentists is Saudi Arabia (50%) (7). More than half of our physicians (58%) correctly chose the police as the legal authority to which the child maltreatment cases should be reported. In Turkey, physicians reported only to the social services (14). Disappointingly, 17% of our physicians did not know to which legal authority child maltreatment should be reported, which is in agreement a study among dentists (22%) in the United Arab Emirates (17). Not being sure of the authority to which they should report child maltreatment could be because the law of children’s rights in Egypt does not penalize the physicians for not reporting such cases (20).
Two thirds of our participants would report all cases to the authorities even if the abuse was only suspected, which is similar to a study in Turkey (76%) (14). On the other hand, a different opinion was reported in a study of paediatricians in Saudi Arabia, 82% of whom considered that reporting should be mandatory only if serious injuries are suspected (21). This negative attitude may be due to the lack of clear legal and clinical guidelines in Arab countries on reporting suspected cases of child maltreatment.
Only 8% of our participants had received some formal training on child maltreatment, which is only slightly lower than 11% reported in India (15). Our physicians had relatively limited knowledge of child maltreatment; only 41% had a knowledge score of 75% or more. A study in China also reported insufficient knowledge of health providers about child maltreatment (22). However, the knowledge score in our study is low compared with scores reported in a study in Saudi Arabia with a score of 84.2% (11). This may be due to the difference in specialty of the samples (the Saudi Arabian sample was dentists) and differences in scoring systems.
Older age and longer work experience were significantly associated with better knowledge. However, sex and specialty were not significantly associated with knowledge. A study in Turkey found similar results for age and work experience, but also found that female physicians had better knowledge than males (23).
Despite the limited knowledge, the attitudes expressed in the current study showed strong agreement with the important role of the physicians in the early diagnosis and reporting of child maltreatment and the value of receiving training on child maltreatment. This finding concurs with many studies in other countries (10,24–27).
Just over half of the physicians in our study had suspected at least one child maltreatment during their work. Higher proportions have been reported in Austria (28). Thus, almost half (49%) said that they had never suspected child maltreatment. Not suspecting child maltreatment does not mean they had not met cases; perhaps they could not identify these cases because of their poor knowledge). One of the main causes of underreporting is lack of knowledge about signs of child abuse or how to suspect the case and this is confirmed by other results in our study. Of the 249 suspected cases reported by the physicians in our study, 59% were confirmed to be child abuse, but only about a third of the cases were reported by the physicians. Underreporting is still a global problem (29,30). Many reasons were mentioned as an explanation for this problem. The main reasons for underreporting given by our participants were lack of knowledge about referral procedures and unclear reporting steps. These reasons were also reported in studies in Saudi Arabia (16,31). Improvement in reporting can only be expected when physicians are aware of their legal mandate and the proper procedures for reporting.
In agreement with as study in France (32), we found a significant association between reporting child maltreatment cases and physician’s age and training. Most of our participants (82%) said they had no clear procedures to follow or were unaware of the available services if they suspected a case of child maltreatment. Similar results were reported in a study in Turkey where 88% of the resident physicians and 78% of the experienced physicians considered that they had inadequate knowledge of the services available to deal with child maltreatment (33).
Although our study covered three hospitals, one of its limitations is that it was restricted to Alexandria, one of the urban governorates in Egypt. Larger-scale studies, including rural Egypt, where lower levels of knowledge and awareness are expected, would help give a more accurate picture of the situation in Egypt. Another limitation was the relatively low response rate which could be improved if interviewing method was used instead of self-completing the questionnaire.
In conclusion, physicians’ knowledge about the signs and social indicators of child maltreatment was unsatisfactory. Most of participants wanted to improve their knowledge on child maltreatment. Physicians in Alexandria are in need of clinical training and education sessions to improve their ability to diagnosis and report cases of child maltreatment and clear procedures to assist them in doing so.
Funding: None.
Competing interests: None declared.
Maltraitance des enfants : connaissances, attitudes et comportements des médecins en matière de signalement dans les hôpitaux universitaires, Égypte
Résumé
Contexte : Le défaut de diagnostic et de signalement de la maltraitance des enfants constitue un problème important dans le monde.
Objectifs : La présente étude visait à évaluer les connaissances, l’attitude et la pratique des médecins des hôpitaux universitaires d’Alexandrie en matière de diagnostic et de signalement des cas de maltraitance d’enfants.
Méthodes : Une étude transversale descriptive a été menée dans trois hôpitaux. Tous les médecins travaillant régulièrement dans des services des urgences ont été invités à remplir un questionnaire auto-administré. Les données recueillies incluaient les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, les connaissances et la formation officielle concernant la maltraitance d’enfants, l’attitude face à cette dernière, et l’expérience des cas de maltraitance d’enfants ainsi que le comportement en matière de signalement.
Résultats : Au total, 90 médecins ont été inclus dans l'étude. Seuls 11 % d’entre eux ont correctement identifié tous les signes de maltraitance d’enfants et 29 % ont répondu correctement à toutes les questions sur les indicateurs sociaux de la maltraitance. Seulement 41 % des participants avaient un bon score de connaissances sur la maltraitance des enfants (≥ 75 %). Une expérience professionnelle plus longue (p = 0,019) et un âge plus avancé (p = 0,039) étaient associés à une meilleure connaissance. Sur les 249 cas suspects de maltraitance d’enfants que les médecins ont déclaré avoir examinés, seuls 36 % avaient fait l’objet d’un signalement. La formation formelle dans le domaine de la maltraitance des enfants (p < 0,001) et un âge plus avancé (p = 0,006) étaient associés au comportement des médecins en matière de signalement. Plus de la moitié des participants (56 %) estimaient que leur lieu de travail ne mettait pas à leur disposition des procédures à suivre en cas de suspicion de mauvais traitements envers les enfants.
Conclusion : Les médecins n’avaient pas une connaissance suffisante des signes et des indicateurs sociaux de la maltraitance des enfants. Une formation et un enseignement cliniques sont nécessaires pour améliorer leurs capacités de diagnostic et de signalement des cas de maltraitance d’enfants.
إساءة معاملة الطفل: معلومات الأطباء ومواقفهم وسلوكهم في الإبلاغ بالمستشفيات التعليمية، الإسكندرية، مصر
نورهان سعيد،إيمان أنور سلطان، نجلاء سلامة، محمد جلال، مها غانم
الخلاصة:
الخلفية: يُعتبر عدم تشخيص حالات إساءة معاملة الأطفال والإبلاغ عنها من المشكلات المهمة في جميع أنحاء العالم.
الأهداف: هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تقييم معلومات الأطباء ومواقفهم وممارستهم في المستشفيات التعليمية الجامعية في الإسكندرية بشأن تشخيص حالات إساءة معاملة الأطفال والإبلاغ عنها.
طرق البحث: أُجريت دراسة وصفية مقطعية في ثلاثة مستشفيات. ووجهت الدعوة إلى جميع الأطباء الذين يعملون بانتظام في وحدات الطوارئ لملء استبيان يستكمل ذاتياً. وتضمنت البيانات التي جُمعت الخصائص الاجتماعية والسكانية، ومعلومات الأطباء عن إساءة معاملة الأطفال وتلقي تدريب رسمي في هذا الشأن، وموقفهم من التعامل مع هذه الحالات، وخبرتهم في حالات إساءة معاملة الأطفال وسلوك إبلاغهم عنها.
النتائج: شملت الدراسة ما مجموعه 90 طبيباً. واستطاع 11% منهم فقط تحديد جميع علامات إساءة معاملة الأطفال بشكل صحيح، كما أجاب 29% منهم إجابات صحيحة عن جميع الأسئلة التي تدور حول المؤشرات الاجتماعية لإساءة المعاملة. وحصل 41% منهم فقط على درجة جيدة بشأن المعلومات عن إساءة معاملة الأطفال (> 75%). وارتبط القدر الأفضل من المعلومات بالخبرة العملية الأطول (القيمة الاحتمالية = 0.019) والسن الأكبر (القيمة الاحتمالية = 0.039). ومن بين الحالات المشتبه في كونها حالات إساءة معاملة الأطفال وأبلغ الأطباء أنهم مروا بها، لم يُبلغ سوى عن 36% منها فقط. وارتبط التدريب الرسمي بشأن إساءة معاملة الأطفال (القيمة الاحتمالية < 0.001) والسن الأكبر (القيمة الاحتمالية = 0.006) بسلوك الأطباء في الإبلاغ. واعتقد أكثر من نصف المشاركين (56%) أن مكان عملهم لا يوفر لهم الإجراءات التي يتعين اتباعها عند الاشتباه في حالة من حالات إساءة معاملة للأطفال.
الاستنتاجات: إن معلومات الأطباء عن العلامات والمؤشرات الاجتماعية لحالات إساءة معاملة الأطفال لم تكن مُرضية. وهناك حاجة إلى التدريب والتثقيف السريريين لتحسين قدرة الأطباء على تشخيص حالات إساءة معاملة الأطفال والإبلاغ عنها.
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