C. Barakat-Haddad 1 and A. Siddiqua 2
الاستفادة من الرعاية الصحية الأولية وإمكانية الحصول عليها بين المراهقين في الإمارات العربية المتحدة
كارولين بركات - حداد، عائشة صدّيق
الخلاصة: تناولت هذه الدراسة الاستفادة من الرعاية الصحية الأولية وإمكانية الحصول عليها بين المراهقين الذين يعيشون في الإمارات العربية المتحدة. فجمع الباحثان في دراسة مستعرضة - بيانات الاستفادة من الرعاية الصحية والبيانات الاجتماعية الديموغرافية والبيانات السكنية لعينة من 6363 مراهقاً. وتم استخدام نمذجة التحوُّف اللوجستي لدراسة منبئات الاستفادة من الرعاية الصحية. وكان معظم المهنيين الصحيين الذين تمت استشارتهم أطباء أسنان أو أطباء تقويم أسنان، وأطباء أسرة، ومتخصصين في أمراض العيون. فكان احتمال حضور المراهقين المحليين إلى عيادات/مستشفيات عامة أكثر من حضورهم إلى مرافق خاصة، في حين كان العكس هو الصحيح بالنسبة للوافدين. وفي الأشهر الـ 12 الأخيرة لم يحصل 22.6 % من عموم المشاركين على الرعاية الصحية التي احتاجوا إليها، ولم يُجرَ لـ 19.5 % منهم فحص طبي روتيني. وكانت الأسباب الشائعة لعدم الحصول على الرعاية: ازدحام المواعيد، وكراهية الأطباء أو الخوف منهم، وطول أوقات الانتظار. وكان من منبئات عدم الحصول على الرعاية اللازمة: الجنسية والدخل، في حين كانت منبئات تلقي فحص روتيني: ثقافة الأم وامتلاك سيارة. إن إدخال تحسينات على قطاع الرعاية الصحية قد يزيد من إمكانية الحصول على الرعاية الصحية بين المراهقين.
ABSTRACT This study examined primary health care use and accessibility among adolescents living in the United Arab Emirates. In a cross-sectional study, we collected health care use, sociodemographic and residential data for a sample of 6363 adolescents. Logistic regression modelling was used to examine predictors of health care use. The most-consulted health professionals were dentists or orthodontists, family doctors and eye specialists. Local adolescents were more likely to attend public clinics/hospitals than private facilities, while the opposite was true for expatriates. In the previous 12 months 22.6% of the participants had not obtained the health care they needed and 19.5% had not had a routine health check-up. Common reasons for not obtaining care were busy schedules, dislike/fear of doctors and long waiting times. Predictors of not obtaining needed care included nationality and income, while those for having a routine check-up were mother’s education and car ownership. Improvements to the health care sector may increase health care accessibility among adolescents.
Recours aux soins de santé primaires et accessibilité des soins de santé chez des adolescents aux Émirats arabes unis
La présente étude a examiné le recours aux soins de santé primaires et leur accessibilité chez des adolescents vivant aux Émirats arabes unis. Dans une étude transversale, nous avons recueilli des données sur le recours aux soins de santé, les lieux de résidence et des informations sociodémographiques dans un échantillon de 6363 adolescents. Un modèle de régression logistique a été appliqué pour examiner les facteurs prédictifs du recours aux soins de santé. Les professionnels de santé les plus consultés étaient les dentistes ou les orthodontistes, les médecins de famille et les ophtalmologistes. Les adolescents locaux avaient davantage tendance à consulter les hôpitaux/établissements de soins publics que les entités privées, contrairement aux expatriés. Au cours de 12 derniers mois, 22,6 % des participants dans l’ensemble avaient renoncé aux soins de santé dont ils avaient besoin et 19,5 % avaient renoncé à un bilan de santé systématique. Les raisons les plus fréquentes de non-recours aux soins étaient un emploi du temps chargé, une aversion/peur des médecins et la longueur des temps d’attente. Parmi les facteurs prédictifs de non-recours aux soins nécessaires, on peut citer la nationalité et le revenu, tandis que ceux favorisant le recours à un bilan de santé systématique étaient le niveau d’études de la mère et le fait de posséder une voiture. Des améliorations dans le secteur des soins de santé pourraient améliorer l’accès des soins de santé aux adolescents.
1Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada (Correspondence to C. Barakat-Haddad:
Received: 06/04/14; accepted: 16/12/14
Introduction
Utilization of primary health care (PHC) services is an important determinant of health. Individuals who receive health care from PHC physicians are generally healthier than those who do not (1). Despite the importance of PHC use, there are many barriers to health care access that are experienced by populations in Arab countries (2). These include various geographical, cultural, financial and organizational barriers that can impact communities in different ways (2).
The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has a comprehensive public health care system and a private health sector (3). In 1986, the UAE federal government adopted the WHO Health for All strategy to help all people by the year 2000 achieve a level of health that will allow them to lead a socially and economically productive life (4). The federal government announced that the PHC approach was vital for achieving this goal (4). By 2000, 105 government-funded PHC clinics were established across the country, with most people living in proximity to PHC clinics (4). These health centres provide curative, preventive, health promotion and some rehabilitation services. However, there are indications that enhancements to the infrastructure and service at each of the centres are needed (5). These include higher levels of human, physical and economic resources to reduce the current geographical disparities in the quality of care offered at each of the PHC clinics.
In 2001, the UAE government terminated the policy of free health care for all residents and introduced service charges for expatriates, while care continued to be free for all UAE nationals (3). To access health care, expatriates can use medical insurance provided by their employers and apply for a health card issued by the Ministry of Health, which gives access to the public system. However, many foreign workers, particularly manual and semiskilled workers, do not have health insurance (3). This new health care delivery framework could affect access to care for the expatriate population compared with the local population.
Facilitating access to PHC is of particular relevance for the UAE adolescent sub-population for 3 main reasons. First, the UAE adolescent sub-population constitutes over 16% of the national population and therefore has the potential to contribute significantly to the country’s labour-intensive economy (6). Secondly, risk factors of many chronic diseases, including tobacco use, sedentary habits and poor diet, begin in adolescence (7), and therefore monitoring health outcomes during adolescence is particularly important. Thirdly, the majority of morbidity and mortality affecting adolescents—such that due to sexually transmitted infections, intentional and unintentional injury—are preventable (7). Thus, developing evidence-based policies that encourage screening for health problems and for risky behaviours are crucial for promoting health and yielding long-term health benefits among adolescents. Implementing effective public health strategies require knowledge of factors that influence PHC use in this sub-population. To date, we are unaware of any studies that have focused on health care utilization among adolescents residing in the UAE. To address this gap in the literature, this study aimed: to describe health care use among UAE adolescents; to determine the profile of UAE adolescents who have travelled to another country for medication or treatment; and to determine the predictors of health care use among the UAE adolescent population.
Methods
Data source and design
This study utilized data from the National Study of Population Health in the UAE (2007–2009) that was undertaken in collaboration with the UAE Ministry of Education. The programme consisted of developing and administering a comprehensive, large-scale, cross-sectional survey to 6363 adolescents (aged 13–20 years) attending public and private schools in the 7 Emirates of the UAE (9 educational zones).
A minimum sample size of 5000 participants was arbitrarily selected in order to facilitate the examination of various health outcomes in this sub-population. The study included a randomly selected stratified sample of 147 public and private secondary schools. School enrolment data from the UAE Ministry of Education (2005–2006 for private schools and 2006–2007 for public schools) was used in the stratification strategy. Three classes (one from each of grades 10, 11 and 12) from each selected school were randomly selected using the fishbowl method. All students registered to these selected classes were invited to participate in the study. The appropriate boards within the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health approved the study prior to administration of the survey.
The survey consisted of 2 components. The first component collected data on self-reported medical diagnoses, symptoms in relation to respiratory health, health care access and use, as well as demographic and socioeconomic data. The second component of the survey collected data related to residential mobility and locations, and residential characteristics. [more detailed information has been reported elsewhere (6)].
Outcome and explanatory variables
In addressing health care use, 5 items were used to determine outcome measures. These included the following: “In the past 12 months, have you seen or talked on the phone about your health with any of the following [list of health-care providers]?; “Where do you often go when you need health care?”; “During the past 12 months, was there ever a time when you felt that you needed health care but did not receive it?”; “Thinking of the most recent time, why didn’t you get care?”; and “In the past two years, have you had a routine physical check-up without having a specific problem?”
In investigate travel abroad for health care, the following items were used: “Have you ever travelled for medication/treatment to other countries?”; and “Have you ever had an in-patient surgical operation?”
To determine the predictors of health care use, explanatory variables included data related to demographic, socioeconomic, residential and medical status variables. Participants’ demographic profiles included data on sex, age, type of school attended, whether the participant was born in the UAE, ethnicity and parental education level. Nationality was classified on the basis of similar cultures, traditions, ancestral linkages or geographical origins. For socioeconomic profile, data on parents’ employment was considered in the following categories: government employee, private employee, self-employed and not employed. Monthly family income was also included in the analyses. Data related to participants’ residential profiles included location of residence: Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain. To get a mobility profile, respondents were asked about the number of cars the household owned. For medical profile, an “any medical diagnosis” variable was computed to include any of the following conditions reported by the participants: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, chest conditions, skin conditions, arthritis, any respiratory problems, high blood pressure, heart disease, thalassemia, sickle-cell anaemia, any type of anaemia, diabetes, kidney problems, ulcer, cancer, migraine and thyroid condition. Data related to persistent wheeze included any wheezing or whistling of the chest in the past 12 months. Data related to persistent cough include any dry cough at night in the past 12 months other than when participants had a cold.
Data analysis
Data were analysed using SPSS, version 20. Descriptive statistics were calculated for outcome and explanatory variables. A series of bivariate analyses were completed for the expatriate and local populations. Chi-squared test was used to compare participants who felt they needed care but did not receive it with those who received needed care; to compare participants who had a routine physical check-up with those who did not; and to compare participants who travelled for medication or treatment to other countries with those who did not. All independent variables that were significant in the bivariate analyses were entered into logistic regression models to predict health care access outcomes. Therefore, for each of the expatriate and local populations, 3 logistic regression models were developed for not receiving care when needed, having a routine physical check-up without having a specific problem, and travelling for medication or treatment to other countries. For each of the modelled outcomes, forward stepwise entry of independent variables was conducted using significance level of P ≤ 0.05.
Norman and Streiner proposed that logistic regression analyses require at least 10 subjects per parameter (8). Following this guideline, among the expatriate adolescent sub-population, the sample size of the regression models for not receiving care, for having a routine physical check-up without having a specific problem, and for travelling for medication or treatment to other countries should be 140, 70 and 30 respectively. These sample size requirements were met (613, 532 and 121 respectively). Similarly sample size requirements were met for the local adolescent population (579, 543 and 179 respectively).
Results
Participants’ sociodemographic and health profile
Overall, 49.9% of participants in this study were classified as of local UAE origin, even though 75.4% were born in the UAE to parents of other nationalities. The mean age of the study sample was 16 years and 44.7% of participants were male. Detailed information in relation to the number of schools sampled and response rates has been published elsewhere (6). Table 1 summarizes the sociodemographic and health profiles of the study participants. Although there were some differences in relation to sociodemographic variables between the expatriate and local adolescent population in the UAE, the health profiles of these sub-populations appeared to be quite similar.
Types of health-care providers consulted
Table 2 shows the types of health-care providers that respondents had seen or talked to on the phone about their health in the last 12 months. Overall, the health-care providers which respondents were most likely to have consulted were dentists or orthodontists (20.6%), followed by family doctors (13.6%) and eye specialists (12.0%).
For both local and expatriate adolescent sub-populations, more female participants had consulted health-care providers than had male participants, although more male participants had consulted with a chiropractor or physiotherapist and social worker, counsellor or psychologist than had the females (Figure 1).
Types of services utilized
Analysis of the types of services utilized shows that, overall, most participants reported attending private clinics or hospitals for needed health care (49.6%), followed by public clinics or hospitals (44.4%) (Table 2).
For both the local and expatriate adolescent sub-populations, more females had been to private clinics or hospitals than males, while males were more likely to have used public clinics or hospitals (Figure 2). In general, more local adolescents had attended public clinics or hospitals, while more expatriate adolescents had attended private clinics of hospitals.
Failure to get health care
Overall, 22.6% of participants reported that, at any time in the last 12 months, they did not get the health care they needed (Table 2), with more females not obtaining needed health care than males (Figure 3). The 3 most common reasons for not obtaining health care were their own busy schedule (34.7%), dislike/fear of doctors (19.8%) and long waiting times at the doctor (15.5%) (Table 2).
In the whole sample, more females reported not obtaining care due to dislike/fear of doctors than did males (Figure 4).
For the expatriate adolescent sub-population, significant predictors of not getting health care when needed included: being born in the UAE; parents’ marital status (widowed, separated/divorced, other); nationality (Arab/Middle Eastern, Arab/African, none/other); income (AED ≥15 000–20 000); living in Ajman Emirate; having any medical diagnosis; having persistent wheeze; and having persistent cough (Table 3). For the local adolescent sub-population, significant predictors of not obtaining health care when needed included: income (AED < 2000); having any medical diagnosis; having persistent wheeze; and having persistent cough (Table 4).
Routine physical health check-ups
Overall, only 19.5% of participants had had a routine physical health check-up without having a specific problem (Table 2).
Across the overall and local populations, more females had a routine physical health check-up than males, while the opposite was true for the expatriate population (Figure 5).
For the expatriate adolescent sub-population, predictors of having a routine physical check-up without having a specific issue were: mother’s education (completion of high school); living in Dubai Emirate; and the household owning 4–6 cars (Table 3). For the local adolescent sub-population, predictors of having a routine physical check-up were: household number of cars owned (≥ 4) and having any medical diagnosis (Table 4).
Travel to other countries for health care
Overall, 5.0% of participants had travelled to another country for medication/ treatment (Table 2). More local participants had travelled abroad for medication/ treatment than expatriate participants, with this trend being more pronounced among females (Figure 6).
For the expatriate adolescent sub-population, predictors of travelling to another country for medication/treatment included: having any medical diagnosis; and having persistent wheeze (Table 3). For the local adolescent sub-population, predictors of travelling to another country for medication/treatment included: mother’s employment (government sector); having any medical diagnosis; and having persistent wheeze (Table 4).
Received inpatient surgical operation
Overall, 16.5% of participants had had an inpatient surgical operation (Table 2), with a higher prevalence among males (19.1%) than females (14.2%).
Discussion
Our study of health care use among adolescents from the UAE suggest that they most often consulted with a family doctor, an eye specialist and/or a dentist or orthodontist. Consistent with the literature, we found that females consulted health-care providers more than males did (9,10). However, there is growing recognition that the differences in health-care seeking between the sexes is more complex than previously thought (10). Most studies that report a female excess in consulting are based on general practice and general population data and do not look at the types of symptoms and conditions reported by men and women (11). Also, categorizing by sex does not explain why some men seek care more often and why some women are reluctant to seek care (10). In order to develop strategies to improve utilization of care, we recommend that future research collects detailed information on symptoms and conditions related to seeking health care, and that it explores interactions between these factors and sex in order to better understand the observed sex difference in health care use among adolescents in the UAE. Specifically, we also recommend that future studies focus on examining health-care seeking on physical (including sexual) development and on sexual and reproductive health.
Our results indicate that most adolescents attended private or public clinics or hospitals for needed health care. This finding is not surprising, as alongside the public infrastructure, the private sector has become an important partner in providing health careservices to the population of the UAE in recent years (3). Interestingly, we found that females attended private clinics or hospitals more than males. Consistent with the health care delivery framework in the UAE that offers free health care to nationals, we found that expatriate adolescents visited private clinics or hospitals more than public clinics or hospitals for needed health care, whereas local adolescents sought care from public clinics or hospitals more than from private clinics or hospitals.
It is concerning to note that many adolescents did not obtain health care when needed, and that females were more likely not to obtain the needed care than were males. Thus, although there is good coverage of health care facilities throughout the UAE, care is not always used by many adolescents, particularly females (3). Given the reported deficits at some PHC clinics, an increase in human, physical and economic resources has the potential to reduce waiting times and improve the accessibility of health services. A Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) improvement process, a strategy proven to successfully reduce waiting times in the United States, can also be implemented (12). The PDSA strategy works by identifying factors that contribute to long waiting room and examination room waiting times, determining opportunities for improvement, implementing one or more process improvement strategies and evaluating the impact of these strategies on improving wait times and patients’ satisfaction with the care experience (12). Another effective strategy for reducing waiting times is advanced access scheduling, which seeks to provide improved access to timely (often same-day) appointments, does not limit the type of visits that can be provided in the same day and accommodates patients with urgent problems (13). Importantly, health education campaigns are needed to educate adolescents about the importance of seeking health care and to develop their time management skills and thus enabling access to health care services. These campaigns can also focus on informing adolescents where to go when care is needed. Improving public transport services or providing transportation allowances, strategies that have been proposed to reduce transportation barriers in underserved Western communities, can also be considered in the UAE to increase access to health facilities (14). Furthermore, with a particular focus on women, education programmes can be developed to teach people how to overcome their fear of doctors and the risks of delaying needed health care. Exposure-based strategies, which involve gradually confronting a feared situation until o+ne is no longer afraid, can be considered as they have been proven effective for overcoming fear of blood, needles, dentists and similar situations (15). Lastly, the relative high health care costs in the UAE can be a concern for the expatriate population (3).
Among expatriate adolescents residing in the UAE, our study found that predictors of not obtaining needed health care were being born in the UAE and parental marital status. In relation to place of birth, this predictor is likely linked to the lack of health insurance coverage among expatriates, even those that have potentially been residing in the UAE for a long period of time. In relation to parental marital status, it is interesting to note that research evidence from the United States suggests that access to health care among single-mother households varies by socioeconomic status, whereas access to health care for single-father households does not (16,17). To determine whether similar patterns are present in the UAE population, future research should focus on stratifying our analyses by socioeconomic status. Our study also found that nationality, income, medical diagnoses and place of residence (Emirate) among expatriates were related to obtaining needed care. This uneven access to health care highlights the importance of implementing the compulsory health insurance scheme. Among the local population, our findings showed that adolescents with income AED < 2000 were less likely to obtain needed health care. Since health care is free for all nationals, we propose there are likely other barriers tied to socioeconomic status that affect accessibility to health care. We also found that adolescents with any medical diagnosis, persistent wheeze and persistent cough were less likely to obtain needed care, findings that are worthy of future investigation.
Our results showed that around 80% of adolescents did not have a routine physical health check-up. Naturally, implementing the strategies suggested above may increase the uptake of routine check-ups among adolescents. Our study found that, among expatriate adolescents, mother’s level of education was related to routine physical health check-ups, a finding which is consistent with literature (18). We also found that expatriate adolescents living in Dubai Emirate were more likely to have a routine check-up compared with those living in Abu Dhabi. This is interesting since the compulsory health insurance policy in Abu Dhabi should make health care more accessible for expatriates compared with Dubai (4). This result highlights that there is no single way of improving use of needed care and a variety of strategies may need to be implemented. Lastly, having a higher number of household cars and having a medical diagnosis were related to use of routine physical check-ups, demonstrating the importance of access to transport for health care (14,16,17).
The finding that local adolescents were more likely to travel to other countries for medication or treatment than were expatriates is not surprising given that Health Authority Abu Dhabi offers payment to Emiratis to receive care abroad (19). We found that maternal employment and medical diagnoses appeared to be related to medical tourism. We suggest that future research examines in-depth the reasons and consequences of having to seek health care abroad.
This study was subject to several limitations. Data were self-reported and may have been subject to response bias. Sampling led to lower representations of adolescents who attended private schools in Dubai and among males who resided in Umm al-Quwain. This is relevant as the population of Dubai consists of a large proportion of expatriates; hence, the results related to the expatriate population in Dubai are likely to be biased. In addition, certain health predictors and health outcomes of great relevance to the adolescent sub-population were not included in the study; for example, PHC use related to sexual and reproductive health and the role of school health services or school-based medical check-ups as a predictor of health-seeking behaviour were not examined in the study. Furthermore, in relation to reasons for not receiving health care, the distinction between inability and unwillingness to obtain health services was not examined. Despite these limitations, this study contributed to general knowledge of PHC use and health care accessibility of UAE adolescents, which is a stepping-stone for setting policy priorities to better serve this population.
Conclusions
This national study contributed to the literature by identifying the profile and predictors of PHC use among adolescents residing in the UAE. We found that many adolescents did not obtain health care when needed, for reasons such as dislike/fear of doctors and long waiting times. The majority of adolescents also did not have a routine physical health check-up without having a specific problem. In both the expatriate and local populations, monthly household income was a predictor of not receiving care. Our findings highlight the need for improvements to the health infrastructure, education campaigns to increase health-care-seeking behaviour and a national compulsory health insurance scheme to address some of the major barriers to health care access in the UAE. We have proposed some evidence-based strategies to overcome the most common barriers to service use in the UAE, whose effectiveness in the UAE context can be tested in future studies following their implementation.
Acknowledgements
Funding: The research design and data collection portions of this research were funded by the Zayed University Research Incentive Fund, Zayed University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The sponsor had no role in the study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing of the report and decision to submit the paper for publication
We thank Dr. Rania Dghaim who was involved in the design and data collection of the 'National Study of Population Health in the UAE (2007-2009).'
Competing interests: None declared.
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