Research article
R.B. Khandekar,1 S.S. Al Harby 1 and U.P Vora 1
جراحة الأجفان لمعالجة الشعرة التراخومية تقلِّل من الإعاقة البصرية وخلل الإبصار في عُمان
ر.ب. خانديكار، س.س. الحربي، ي.ب. فورا
الخلاصـة: تقف عُمان على عتبة استئصال التراخوما المسببة للعمى، وقد أجرى الباحثون مسحاً مجتمعياً في عامَيْ 2009 و2010 لدراسة الترابط بين الشعرة التراخومية وبين حدَّة البصر والعمى في السكان العُمانيين الذين تزيد أعمارهم على أربعين عاماً. وبلغ عدد العيون المدروسة 8191 عيناً خضعت للفحص، مع تجميع المعطيات الديمغرافية للمشاركين في الدارسة. ووجد الباحثون أن الشعرة التراخومية كانت غائبة لدى 890 7 عيناً، ولو أن 227 عيناً من هذه العيون قد خضعت لجراحة على الجفن في الماضي لمعالجة الشعرة التراخومية. وكشف الباحثون الشعرة التراخومية لدى 301 عيناً، منها 154 عيناً للمرَّة الأولى، وتلو جراحة على الجفن لدى 147 عيناً. واتضح للباحثين أن معدل الإصابة بالعمى أخفض بمقدار يُعتدُّ به إحصائياً في العيون التي خضعت لجراحة على الجفن في الماضي (0.54=OR). وكانت العوامل المنبئة بالعمى في التحليل التحوُّفي هي عمر المشارك في الدراسة (معدل الأرجحية المصحّح = 1.0)، والجنس (معدل الأرجحية 2.01=OR) وقصة إجراء جراحة على الجفن (3.09=OR)، والسكن في منطقة تعاني من وباء مفرط بالتراخوما (10.6=OR). واستنتج الباحثون أن الترويج لجراحة الشعرة قد يكون مفيداً في خفض معدلات العمى.
ABSTRACT Oman is at the threshold of eliminating blinding trachoma. We conducted a community-based survey in 2009–10 to study the association of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) status with visual acuity and blindness among the Omani population aged 40+ years. A total of 8191 eyes were examined and participants’ demographic data were collected. TT was absent in 7890 eyes but 227 of these eyes had had lid surgery for TT in the past. TT was detected in 301 eyes, for the first time in 154 eyes and following lid surgery in 147 eyes. The rate of blindness was significantly lower in eyes that had undergone lid surgery in the past (OR = 0.54). In regression analysis the predictors of blindness were participant’s age (adjusted OR = 1.01), sex (aOR = 2.01), history of lid surgery (aOR = 3.09) and residence in a hyperendemic trachoma area (aOR = 10.6). Promotion of TT surgery might be beneficial in reducing blindness.
Association négative de la chirurgie des paupières pour le trichiasis trachomateux aux déficiences visuelles et à la malvoyance à Oman
RÉSUMÉ Oman est sur le point d'éliminer le trachome cécitant. Nous avons mené une enquête dans la communauté entre 2009 et 2010 pour étudier l'association du trichiasis trachomateux avec l'acuité visuelle et la cécité dans la population d'Omanais de plus de 40 ans. Au total, 8191 yeux ont été examinés et les données démographiques des participants ont été recueillies. La recherche du trichiasis trachomateux s'est révélée négative pour 7890 yeux mais 227 d'entre eux avaient des antécédents de chirurgie des paupières. La maladie a été détectée dans 301 yeux, pour la première fois dans 154 yeux et après une chirurgie des paupières dans 147 yeux. Le taux de cécité était significativement inférieur pour les yeux ayant des antécédents de chirurgie des paupières (OR = 0,54). À l'analyse de régression, les facteurs prédictifs de la cécité étaient l'âge du patient (OR ajusté = 1,01), le sexe (ORa = 2,01), les antécédents de chirurgie des paupières (ORa = 3,09) et le lieu de résidence dans une zone où le trachome est hyperendémique (ORa = 10,6). La promotion de la chirurgie du trichiasis trachomateux pourrait contribuer à limiter les cas de cécité.
1Eye and Ear Health Care, Department of Noncommunicable Diseases Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman (Correspondence to R. Khandekar:
Received: 08/03/11; accepted: 24/11/11
EMHJ, 2012, 18(11):1107-1113
Introduction
Trachoma is a priority health problem, and the World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed its commitment to the elimination of blinding trachoma by the year 2020 [1]. In a concerted approach, named the Global Alliance for Elimination of Blinding Trachoma, the representatives of Member States adopted the guidelines to reach this objective and stipulated indicators to review the progress [2].
The surgery component of the SAFE strategy [S (surgery), A (antibiotic), F (facial cleanliness), E (environmental improvement)] is an indirect indicator of blindness due to trachoma. By linking the presence or absence of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) to visual status we can assess the association of a particular strategy—namely lid surgery for TT—with the reduction in blindness.
Previous researchers have associated visual acuity and blindness status to TT in countries with high trachoma prevalence [3–6]. It would be interesting to study this association in a country that is at the threshold of eliminating blinding trachoma [7]. We therefore conducted a community-based survey in 2009–10 to study the association of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) status with visual acuity and blindness among the Omani population aged 40+ years.
Methods
This paper reports a review of the data collected through a cross-sectional study in the community. The National Blinding Trachoma Certification Committee received approval to undertake this survey from the research and ethics committee of the Ministry of Health, Oman. The study was conducted in trachoma endemic areas during the last 2 months of 2009 and the first 2 months of 2010.
Sample
During the last survey in 1996, 22 wilayat of 3 governorates of Oman were found to be trachoma endemic. The study population was Omani people aged 40+ years in these endemic areas who were identified from on the catchment area population of primary health (PHC) centres. By using a random selection method 2 PHCs of each wilaya were selected and 1 randomly selected village for each selected PHC was visited for the survey. We identified a central mosque as the starting point. The first house in the eastwards direction was selected as the starting house and all Omani residents aged 40+ years in these houses were enrolled. The visits were continued until the required 100 persons (200 eyes) from the village were obtained. Further details are given in our earlier publication [8].
Data collection
The data was collected on a pre-tested form. The field investigators were qualified optometrists with experience of trachoma screening. They used an ophthalmic loupe (Keeler UK 2.5X) to detect TT. The methods of assessing visual acuity and TT are given in more detail in our earlier publication [8]. To minimize misclassification of senile entropion cases as TT, we excluded eyes with lower lid trichiasis alone and those without severe trachomatous scarring.
Distant visual acuity was assessed using a Snellen distant vision chart at 6 m distance from the participant. If a person was using spectacles for viewing distant objects, his/her vision was tested with the spectacles. Distant visual acuity was further divided into moderate visual impairment (vision 6/18–6/60) and severe visual impairment (vision < 6/60–3/60). If vision was < 3/60 the vision was tested again using a pinhole. Blindness was defined as the best corrected visual acuity of < 3/60. We used a pinhole to ensure the best corrected vision in eyes with vision < 3/60. Due to poor cooperation of a few participants, data on visual acuity of their eyes was missing but their blindness status (based on recognizing single optotype ‘E’ at 3 m distance) using a pinhole was documented.
History of lid surgery for TT in the past was inquired about from the participant and relatives. Lid surgery for senile entropion was not included. Information about other ocular surgery (e.g. cataract, glaucoma, pterygium, keratoplasty, retinal surgery, laser surgery for diabetes, surgery for correcting refractive error and eye removal) was compiled through both interview and eye examination. History of surgery was confirmed from the patient’s health records.
Demographic information (age, sex and the area of residence) were also collected. If the residence was in Dhakhiliya, North Sharqiya or South Batinah regions of Oman, the area was defined as a trachoma hyperendemic area. If the area of residence was in North Batinah, South Sharqiya, Dhahira or Buraimi regions, the person was considered to be from a mesoendemic area of trachoma.
The eyes were grouped into 4 groups: TT absent at the time of examination and no history of lid surgery for TT (never had TT), TT absent but evidence/history of lid surgery for TT (successfully managed cases); TT present during eye examination but no history of lid surgery (new cases); and TT present and evidence/history of lid surgery for TT (recurrent cases).
Data analysis
Epi-data, version 3.1, software was used for data entry [9]. The spreadsheet was converted using SPSS, version 11.5. We used parametric univariate analysis to calculate frequencies and percentage proportions and binominal logistic regression analysis to identify predictors and to review the interaction of different variables associated to the blindness. The adjusted odds ratios (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and P-values were calculated. Variables known to influence the presence of TT were included in the regression model and the stepwise method was used to study the interaction.
Results
Trachomatous trichiasis status
We enrolled 8616 eyes of 4308 people in this study; data were omitted from analysis for people absent during the survey (378 eyes) and those refusing to participate (47 eyes). We therefore examined 8191 (95.1%) eyes. The TT status of eyes by the demographic profile of participants is shown in Table 1 . TT was not present at the time of examination in 7890 eyes and, of these, evidence of past lid surgery was noted for 227 eyes. TT was detected in 301 eyes at examination, of which 147 eyes had evidence of lid surgery in the past to treat TT (recurrent cases), while in 154 eyes TT was noted for the first time (new cases).
Trachomatous trichiasis status by blindness status
The TT status and blindness status of eyes was analysed (Table 2). The rate of blindness was not significantly different between the surgery positive and negative groups when TT was absent (OR = 1.64; 95% CI: 0.89–3.00) or when TT was present (OR = 2.19; 95% CI: 0.74–6.45).
Blindness status by history of lid surgery
We analysed the blindness rate in relation to history of lid surgery by combing groups and comparing eyes that had never had TT surgery with eyes that had had TT surgery (Table 3). Eyes that had undergone lid surgery had a significantly lower rate of blindness compared with eyes that had not undergone lid surgery in the past (OR = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.32–0.89). However, comparing lid surgery for TT in the past and blindness between males and females showed that sex was a confounding factor in this association (OR = 0.39; 95% CI: 0.12–0.99 for males and OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.40–1.33 for females) (Table 3).
We also reviewed the influence of residence in trachoma-endemic areas on the association of lid surgery for TT and blindness (Table 3). The association of lid surgery for TT in the past and blindness was significant in the eyes of people residing in hyperendemic (OR = 1.03; 95% CI: 0.6–1.8) and mesoendemic areas (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.6–1.8).
Associations between variables
Regression analysis enabled us to study the interaction of different variables with blindness status. Presence of blindness in an eye could be predicted by knowing the person’s age (adjusted OR = 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00–1.02), sex (adjusted OR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.68–2.41), history of lid surgery (adjusted OR = 3.09; 95% CI: 2.32–4.11 and trachoma endemicity of residential area (adjusted OR = 10.6; 95% CI: 8.85–12.7) (Table 4).
Visual acuity (with correction by spectacles for distance) was studied in relation to TT status (Figure 1). Excellent quality of vision (6/6–6/18) was found in a higher proportion of eyes that had never had TT compared with new cases. Poor quality of vision (< 3/60) was noted in a higher proportion of eyes with recurrence of TT.
Other surgeries
Among the group with no TT and no history of TT surgery, 111 (1.6%) eyes of persons with a mean age of 52.9 years had undergone cataract surgery in the past. Aphakia or pseudophakia was noted in 216 (18.5%) eyes of those who had been successfully managed for TT (mean age 63.3 years). In the group of new cases of TT, 11 out of 143 (7.7%) eyes of persons (mean age 63.1 years) were operated for cataract. Finally, in the recurrent cases, 31 (21.8%) of 142 eyes of persons with TT recurrence (mean age 64.9 years) had undergone cataract surgery.
Discussion
In the current study in Oman the risk of severe visual impairment in eyes that had not undergone TT surgery was significantly higher than eyes operated for TT in the past. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of blindness and severe visual impairment among those with TT and without TT. Woreta et al. in Ethiopia noted that bilamellar tarsal rotation surgery was associated with improvement in visual acuity compared with no surgery (OR = 1.68) [3]. In Vietnam, ophthalmologists used a modified Cuneod Nataf procedure for lid surgery to manage TT cases and noted that the poor visual acuity was associated with recurrence at 1 year follow-up [10]. A controlled trial in Oman in the late 1980s by Reacher et al. suggested that surgery for major trichiasis produced a significant improvement in visual acuity in operated versus non-operated fellow eyes [11]. In these countries, blindness was mainly due to infectious and age-related blinding eye diseases, and local eye care facilities were limited [12]. Hence the observed decline in visual disabilities following lid surgery could be attributed to proactive TT intervention campaigns. In contrast, the present study in Oman was carried out 10 years after implementing VISION 2020 strategies and at a time when high-quality eye care services for refractive error, cataract, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy were accessible and affordable to all.
We noted that female sex was associated with visual impairment and lid surgery for TT in our study. A previous study in Oman also found that females had a higher risk of trichiasis, which was attributed to barriers for trichiasis surgery [13]. In Sudan too women have been reported to live longer and suffer a longer duration of disabling trichiasis and visual disabilities compared with males [14]. Despite the decline in blinding trachoma in a country such as Oman, the gender gap might still be important and approaches need to be modified to bridge the gender gap.
Age was a significant confounder for the association of TT and visual impairment in our study. A similar observation was noted in rural Myanmar, where the risk of trachoma increased by 5.3% for each 1 year increase in age. The rate of visual disabilities also increased with age [15]. The prevalence of age-related blinding eye diseases such as cataract, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration were higher in older age groups. This could also be the reason for higher rates of visual impairment in older age groups.
The risk of blindness among eyes with trichiasis was higher among residents of mesoendemic areas than hyperendemic areas in our study. Frequent screening campaigns and management of other blinding eye diseases among the target population of hyperendemic areas could explain this variation. In other studies too the residential area of participants has been documented to influence both blindness and TT. In desert areas of Australia, for example, the risk of TT and blindness was higher compared with coastal areas [6,16].
The rates of blindness and severe visual impairment were higher among individuals with TT and recurrence of TT compared with those without TT in our study. A linear correlation of visual status and TT status was also noted in Ethiopia and southern Sudan [4].
The outcomes of keratoplasty, which is the main mode of management for trachomatous corneal opacity, are not very encouraging and therefore the prevention of trachomatous corneal opacity is very important [17]. Thus, lid surgery to prevent the development of advanced corneal opacities and dry eye due to trachoma is recommended in countries with a high prevalence of blinding trachoma.
Corneal blindness due to the sequelae of trachoma is still the main reason for visual disability among the adult population in many countries where active trachoma is no longer a public health problem [18]. The goal of the GET2020 initiative of eliminating avoidable blindness due to trachoma could be achieved in these countries only if surgery for treating TT were able to reduce corneal blindness. By implementing the SAFE strategy for trachoma control, it has been shown that rates of active trachoma and blinding trachoma can be reduced [2]. But indicators devised to monitor the progress of a country do not include the indicator which points to the decline in corneal blindness and visual disabilities due to trachoma. Hence indirect evidence to suggest that TT intervention is associated with fewer visual disabilities will be a useful tool to promote TT surgery.
In the past, we studied visual acuity and lid surgery as cross-sectional data. This was a limitation in interpreting the association of lid surgery and visual impairment. In a cohort study in India, Monga et al. demonstrated that lenticular and retinal causes rather than entropion were the main responsible causes of blindness [19]. In the present study, the age-related blinding eye diseases such as cataract were managed in a higher proportion in the group of eyes having TT than in the group of eyes without TT. Hence blindness and visual impairment in persons with and without TT might not be affected by different rates of cataract-related blindness.
Senile entropion/trichiasis is known to have fewer corneal complications compared with TT [20]. Thus, misclassification of trichiasis/entropion of a senile nature and TT could influence the association of visual impairment and TT intervention. The exclusion criteria used in the present study enabled us to minimize the effect of this bias and its impact on the results. In a previous survey in Oman more than half of the eyes of persons aged 40+ years and residing in hyperendemic areas of trachoma had severe trachomatous scarring [21].
Persons undergoing lid surgery for TT had a lower rate of visual disability compared with those without TT. Perhaps frequent attention by eye care personnel might have brought the attention of patients and their relatives to the blinding eye disease and its management. It is also be possible that by undergoing lid surgery, an eye with TT could also show improvement in visual acuity. The eyes that had a recurrence of TT had a higher risk of visual disabilities compared with eyes without TT. This is natural as frequent injury to the cornea by eyelashes could result in severe corneal opacity and secondary infection leading to blindness. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to confirm the observed association in our study.
In conclusion, TT surgery seems to have a beneficial effect in reducing visual disabilities. Countries and organizations should promote TT surgery and focus more on reducing TT recurrence.
Acknowledgements
We thank the National Eye Health Care Committee and regional health administrators of Oman for their support in this survey. The community support group volunteers assisted the investigators especially for increasing the response rate. The field staff visited the villages and worked beyond the call of duty in order to conclude the survey in time. We sincerely appreciate their efforts. The residents of the selected villages were very cooperative in this health survey. We thank all of them.
The article was presented at a trachoma scientist’s meeting at the World Health Organization on 15 April 2011.
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