Search Search

Blood pressure of primary-school children of Eghbalieh city, Islamic Republic of Iran

PDF version

A. Mahyar,1 M. Ebrahemi,2 A. Shahsavari 3 and Y. Rahmani  3

ضغط الدم لدى أطفال المدارس الابتدائية في مدينة إقبالية في جمهورية إيران الإسلامية

أبو الفضل مهيار، مرتضى إبراهيمي، أحمد شهسواري، يوسف رحماني

الخلاصـة: تتعرف هذه الدراسة على الشرائح المئوية (مئينات) ضغط الدم الانقباضي والانبساطي ومعدل انتشار فرط ضغط الدم بين 789 من أطفال المدارس الابتدائية، ممن تتراوح أعمارهم بين 7 و12 عاماً في مدينة إقبالية، في جمهورية إيران الإسلامية. وقد وجد الباحثون أن وسطي الضغط الشرياني الانقباضي والانبساطي يزداد مع تقدم العمر لدى الجنسين. ولم يكن هنالك فرق يعتد به إحصائياً بين الأولاد والبنات بصورة عامة، غير أنه كان هنالك اختلاف يعتد به بينهم في 3 فئات عمرية. وكان معدل انتشار فرط ضغط الدم الانقباضي والانبساطي %6.5 لدى الأولاد و%12.8 لدى البنات. وقد كان المعدل الوسطي للضغط الانقباضي والانبساطي لدى الأولاد والبنات من جميع فئات الأعمار أقل مما هو لدى سُلَّم القياس لفريق العمل الثاني المعني بمكافحة ضغط الدم لدى الأطفال.

ABSTRACT This study determined the percentiles of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension among 789 primary-school children aged 7–12 years in the city of Eghbalieh, Islamic Republic of Iran. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased with increasing age in both sexes. There was no significant difference between mean systolic pressure in boys and girls overall, but a significant difference was found between boys and girls in 3 age groups. The prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension overall was 6.5% and 12.8% respectively. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of boys and girls in all age groups were significantly lower than the Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children scale.

Pression artérielle des enfants des écoles primaires de la ville d’Eghbalieh (République islamique d’Iran)

RÉSUMÉ Cette étude a déterminé les centiles de la pression artérielle systolique et diastolique et la prévalence de l’hypertension chez 789 enfants âgés de 7 à 12 ans scolarisés en primaire dans la ville d’Eghbalieh (République islamique d’Iran). La pression artérielle systolique et diastolique moyenne augmentait avec l’âge chez les deux sexes. Il n’existait pas de différence significative entre la pression systolique moyenne chez les garçons et les filles en général, mais il en existait une entre les garçons et les filles de trois groupes d’âges. La prévalence de l’hypertension systolique et diastolique chez les garçons et les filles était respectivement de 6,5 % et 12,8 %. La pression artérielle systolique et diastolique moyenne chez les deux sexes dans tous les groupes d’âges était significativement inférieure à celle définie par l’échelle de la Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children (Deuxième groupe de travail sur le contrôle de la pression artérielle de l’enfant).

1Department of Paediatrics;
2Department of Cardiology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences University, Qazvin, Islamic Republic of Iran (Correspondence to A. Mahyar: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.).
3General Practice, Qazvin, Islamic Republic of Iran.
Received: 07/01/07; accepted: 16/07/07
EMHJ, 2009, 15(6):1449-1454

Introduction

Arterial blood pressure (BP) measurement in children is one of the most important tools in diagnosing their physical health. Through regular measurement and recording of BP, children affected with hypertension can be identified and, with proper treatment, serious complications may be prevented [1,2]. BP depends on cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. Various factors influence BP, including age, sex, weight, race, nutrition profile and environmental factors [1,2]. Because BP increases with increasing age, there is no fixed value for defining hypertension in children. Therefore to determine raised BP in children, standard curves such as the Second Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children (STF) scale must be used [2–4].

There are few data about blood pressure patterns and the prevalence of high blood pressure in Iranian children. A study conducted in the central part of the Islamic Republic of Iran revealed a significant difference between diastolic BP in 10–11-year-old girls and those of the STF scale [4].

Early identification of children at risk for hypertension is important to prevent serious complications. The present study aimed to determine the percentiles of systolic and diastolic BP and also the prevalence of hypertension among primary-school children aged 7–12 years in the city of Eghbalieh, Qazvin province.

Methods

The city of Eghbalieh has a population of around 35 000 with 6310 primary-school children aged 7–12-year-old. It is one of the cities of Qazvin province, located 160 kilometres west of Tehran. In this cross-

sectional study the BP of 789 primary schoolchildren in the 7–12-year-old age group were measured in a 2-month trial during November and December 2005. The sample of children was selected through a double-stage randomized sampling method. The study was conducted with the permission of the local education department. Children entered the study after their parents had given their consent by signing agreement forms.

Measurement of BP in the selected children was carried out in a quiet environment using a stethoscope and mercury sphygmomanometer with standard cuff suitable for age. The BP was calculated for 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th percentiles for the 6 age groups from 7–12-years old. A BP above the 95th percentile for age and sex was considered as hypertension. The results were further compared with the STF scale [2]. The data were analysed using SPSS and t-tests.

Results

Of a total of 789 children studied, 306 (38.7%) were males and 483 (61.3%) females. The mean systolic and diastolic BP in both sexes increased with increasing age (Table 1). There was no significant difference between the overall mean systolic BP of boys and girls.

However, a significant difference was found between the mean diastolic BP of boys and girls in 3 age groups: 7, 8 and 11 years (Table 1) (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in mean systolic BP of boys and girls in all age groups compared with the STF scale (P < 0.05) (Table 1).

A significant difference was found when the mean diastolic BP of boys in all age groups was compared with the STF scale (P < 0.05). However, among girls, a significant difference was only found in 2 age groups: 9 and 10 years (P < 0.05) (Table 2).

A systolic BP greater than the 95th percentile (i.e. systolic hypertension) was seen in 5.2% of boys and 7.9% of girls, while a diastolic BP higher than the 95th percentile (i.e. diastolic hypertension) was found in 7.6% of boys and 18.1% of girls. The rate of systolic and diastolic hypertension in all children was 6.5% and 12.8%, respectively. The lowest rate of systolic hypertension of the boys (0%) was observed in age groups 7 and 10 years old and the highest (11.5%) in age group 9 years old. The lowest rate of systolic hypertension in girls (4.0%) was in age group 8 years old and the highest (18.2%) in age group 12 years old. The lowest diastolic hypertension of boys (3.8%) was seen in age group 8 years old and the highest (11.5%) in age group 9 years old. The lowest diastolic hypertension in girls was in age group 10 years old (14.8%) and the highest (16.6%) in age group 7 years old.

Discussion

This study revealed that the average systolic and diastolic BP of primary-school children in the city of Eghbalieh was lower than the STF scale, and the prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension was 6.5% and 12.8%, respectively.

Few studies have been conducted regarding the BP status of Iranian children. In a study carried out in central Islamic Republic of Iran, there was a significant difference between the diastolic BP of 10–11-year-old girls compared with the standard [4]. Another study in the west of the country found that the pattern of BP of 6–12-year-old children was in accordance with the standard [5].

A variety of different studies have been conducted related to the prevalence of hypertension in children. Some reported a prevalence of 15.8% in boys and 8.7% in girls [6]. Uscátegui Peñuela et al. reported that the prevalence of systolic hypertension in boys and girls was 1.6% and 1% respectively [7]. Paradis et al. showed that 22% of boys and 12% of girls suffered systolic hypertension, while only 1% of children were affected with diastolic hypertension [8]. In another study carried out on 6–11-year-old primary-school children, the prevalence of hypertension was 5.4% in girls and 3.1% in boys [9]. In the study by Barba et al., 10% of boys and 14% of girls aged 6–11 years were affected with hypertension [10]. In a study of 4–6-year-old children in Iraq, the prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension was 1.1% and 0.6% respectively [11]. The prevalence of hypertension in Tunisian primary-school children was 9.2% in boys and 9.9% in girls [12].

In our study both systolic and diastolic BP was higher in girls than in boys. Some studies have shown the prevalence of hypertension was higher in males [4,5,7,8,13,14], however, there are studies in which a higher hypertension was seen in females [10,12,13]. In contrast, Menghetti et al. reported that there was no difference between the sexes [15].

In our study the systolic and diastolic BP in both sexes increased with increasing age. The same finding was recorded in other studies [1,2,4].

Comparing our findings with other studies shows that the pattern of BP and the prevalence of hypertension in children varies throughout the world. This variation is related to factors such as weight, height, nutrition profile, race, stress, family history of essential hypertension, and environment [1,2,16]. Unfortunately, due to difficulties in collecting information, it was not possible for us to obtain data on factors known to influence BP and this was one limitation of our study. The higher level of BP in certain age groups may be related to causes such as underlying disease, stress and obesity.

Conclusion

This study showed that mean systolic and diastolic BP among primary school children of Eghbalieh city was lower than the STF scale. The prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension in children was 6.5% and 12.8% respectively. Considering the high prevalence of hypertension in this region, regular measurement of BP is indicated.

Acknowledgements

We thank the research department of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences and Dr Ali Asghar Pahlavan for their sincere cooperation.

References

  1. Lotfizadeh M, Yadolahi H. Determination of blood pressure percentile of children in Shahrekord city. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, 1999, 1(4):54–61 [in Farsi].
  2. Bernstein D. Evaluation of the cardiovascular system. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 2004:1481–99.
  3. Beevers G, Lip GYH, O’Brien E. Blood pressure measurement. British medical journal, 2001, 322:981–5.
  4. Rafati S. [Determination of normal percentile of blood pressure in 7–11-year-old primary school children in Tehran]. Journal of Shaheed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 2000, 8(29):17–20 [in Farsi].
  5. Kazemi A. [Evaluation of normal blood pressure in primary school children of Zanjan city]. Journal of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, 1997, 5(21):11–6 [in Farsi].
  6. Jafar TH et al. Children in south Asia have higher body mass-adjusted blood pressure level than white children in the United States: a comparative study. Circulation, 2005, 111(10):1291–7.
  7. Uscátegui Peñuela R et al. Exceso de peso y su relación con presión arterial alta en escolares y adolescentes de Medellin, Colombia [Excess weight and its relationship with high blood pressure in school children and adolescents of Medellin, Colombia]. Archivos Latinoamericanos de nutrición, 2003, 53(4):376–82.
  8. Paradis G et al. Blood pressure and adiposity in children and adolescents. Circulation, 2004, 110(13):1831–8.
  9. Genovesi S et al. Results of blood pressure screening in a population of school-aged children in province of Milan: role of overweight. Journal of hypertension, 2005, 23(8):493–7.
  10. Barba G et al. Body mass, fat distribution and blood pressure in Southern Italian children: results of the ARCA project. Nutrition, metabolism and cardiovascular diseases, 2006, 16(4):239–48.
  11. Subhi MB. Blood pressure profiles and hypertension in Iraqi primary school children. Saudi medical journal, 2006, 27(4):482–6.
  12. Harrabi I et al. Epidemiology of hypertension among a population of school children in Sousse, Tunisia. Canadian journal of cardiology, 2006, 22(3):212–6.
  13. Agyemang C et al. Blood pressure patterns in rural, semi-urban and urban of the Ashanti region of Ghana, West Africa. BMC public health, 2005, 5:114.
  14. Sorof JM et al. High hypertension prevalence and the relationship of body mass index (BMI) to blood pressure in ethnic minority children. American journal of hypertension, 2001, 14(Suppl. 1):A14.
  15. Menghetti E et al. Ipertensione arteriosa in eta scolare. Indagine in una scuola media romana con considerazioni anche sul comportamento alimentare dei ragazzi [Hypertension in schoolchildren: research carried out in a secondary school in Rome and observations on dietary patterns]. Minerva pediatrica, 2004, 56(3):311–6.
  16. Salamon R. Hypertension arterielle chez l’enfant [Hypertension in children]. Presse medicale, 2006, 35(6):1072–6.

Privacy policy

© WHO 2024