Sheikha Salim Al Arrayed
This study was carried out in order to find out the incidence of congenital anomalies in Bahrain. Statistics of the Bahraini Ministry of Health for 11 years from 1980 to 1990 were studied. The overall incidence rate of congenital anomalies in Bahrain was found to be 2.7% of live births. Each anomaly was studied separately and compared with the incidence in other countries, whenever possible. It was found that anomalies of the musculoskeletal system have the highest incidence (2.28 per 1000), followed by the genitourinary system (2.13 per 1000), while the incidence of chromosomal disorders was 0.9 per 1000.
Epidémiologie des anomalies congénitales à Bahreïn
Cette étude a été réalisée afin de déterminer l'incidence des anomalies congénitales à Bahreïn. Les statistiques produites par le Ministère de la Santé de Bahreïn sur une période de 11 ans de 1980 à 1990 ont été examinées. On a trouvé que le taux global de l'incidence des anomalies congénitales à Bahreïn s'élevait à 2,7% des naissances vivantes. Chaque anomalie a été étudiée séparément et son incidence a été comparée avec celle d'autres pays, chaque fois que possible. Cette étude a montré que l'incidence la plus élevée était celle concernant les anomalies du système ostéo-articulaire et musculaire (2,28 pour 1000) suivie par l'incidence des anomalies des organes génitaux et de l'appareil urinaire (2,13 pour 1000), tandis que l'incidence des anomalies chromosomiques s'élevait à 0,9 pour 1000.
Introduction
Because of the decline in fatal infectious diseases, in the near future congenital abnormalities will become one of the major causes of infant mortality in Bahrain, as is the case in developed countries.
Methods
Deliveries in state hospitals constitute more than 80% of the deliveries in the country; the rest of the deliveries are conducted at home or in private hospitals. The statistics of the Ministry of Health for 11 years (1980-1990) were classified and analysed to find out the incidence of each anomaly separately. The classification of congenital malformations presents certain difficulties, as other investigators in this field have found. The following classification has been adopted to maximize the information available [7].
Every malformation was classified, according to the system, as follows:
- central nervous system
- cardiovascular system
- musculoskeletal system
- genitourinary system
- gastrointestinal system
- respiratory system
- chromosomal disorder.
This covers all the abnormalities that were diagnosed in the delivery suites immediately after birth, together with cases that were diagnosed by a paediatrician during the first year of life. However, the statistics may not represent the actual number of cases [7], because of underdiagnosis and underreporting of some types of malformations on account of the following:
Lethality of these disorders, causing death before birth or before diagnosis is made.
Impossibility of diagnosis of certain disorders that manifest themselves with the functional development of the infant, e.g. mental retardation, eye and ear abnormalities.
Difficulty of diagnosing internal organ abnormalities as compared with external organs.
Results and discussion
Table 1 shows the number of deliveries and the incidence of congenital anomalies each year, together with the overall incidence.
Table 2 shows the incidence of these diseases every year, as well as the average incidence.
Central nervous system
The incidence of neural tube defects (NTD), which include anencephaly, spina bifida and encephalocele, was found to be 0.95 per 1000, which is considered low incidence. The incidence of NTD in the United Kingdom (in certain parts of Wales, Ireland and Scotland) is as high as 4-8 per 1000. In general, most NTD are of multifactorial inheritance [4].
Cardiovascular system
Table 2 shows the overall incidence of congenital heart defects to be 1.32 per 1000 in Bahrain. In the United Kingdom the incidence is 8.14 per 1000. The cause of the low incidence here is underdiagnosis and not merely rare occurrence. More of these malformations are diagnosed at a later stage in the development of the infant. The malformation of great vessels is underreported because usually it can be diagnosed only at autopsy. The majority of cardiovascular system anomalies have a multifactorial mode of inheritance [5].
Musculoskeletal system
The anomalies involving this system are the most common of all anomalies. The overall incidence was found to be 2.07 per 1000. The most common category of these is talipes equinovarus (TEV), which had an incidence of 0.87 per 1000.
Genitourinary system
The incidence was found to be 1.93 per 1000, which ranks second in frequency after musculoskeletal disorders. The most frequent types found were undescended testes (0.65 per 1000) and hypospadias (0.76 per 1000). The reasons for this may be the easy diagnosis of these disorders in comparison with the diagnosis of kidney abnormalities.
Gastrointestinal system
The average incidence of anomalies involving this system was 0.90 per 1000. In 1985 the incidence was 2.02 per 1000. The incidence of cleft palate and lip was found to be 0.35 per 1000. In Europe it is 0.6 per 1000 [8].
Respiratory system
We found that the incidence of anomalies involving this system was 0.12 per 1000. The same was noticed in other studies (0.2 per 1000) [7]. Due to the lethality and difficulty of diagnosis of this anomaly, this is usually an underestimation.
Chromosomal disorders
Chromosomal disorders had an incidence of 0.79 per 1000. The most common category was Down syndrome. In 1984 the incidence was 1.14 per 1000, compared to the international incidence of 1.4 per 1000.
Conclusion
We found from our study that the incidence of congenital malformations in Bahrain falls within the world range of 2.5-6%, even for individual anomalies [4]. It is thought that the majority of such anomalies have a multifactorial origin, caused by the joint action of a genetic liability (polygenic inheritance) and environmental factors. The recurrence risk depends on the number of affected individuals in the family, the severity of the disorder and the sex of the index case. For an isolated case the recurrence risk varies between 1% and 7% depending on the type of malformation. The malformation that occurs in more than one member in the same family can have at least four causes: teratogens, an inherited chromosome abnormality, multifactorial inheritance and Mendelian inheritance [8]. The first of these may be established by taking a careful history of the pregnancy, and the second by chromosomal analysis. However, to ascertain whether two affected siblings or an affected parent and affected child reflect multifactorial or Mendelian inheritance we need to collect data from a large number of the members of the affected family [9].
The above frequencies are an underestimation since not all congenital malformations can be detected at birth or shortly thereafter. Some may not be diagnosed in the first year. In other studies, researchers have found that they diagnosed 43% of malformations at birth and 82% during the first 6 months [9].
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