M. Sattari,1 Z. Mokhtari,2 H. Jabari 3 and S.O. Mashayekhi 4
المعارف والمواقف والممارسات لدى الصيادلة والعاملين في الرعاية الصحية حول الاستخدام السليم لمانعات الحمل الفموية، والآثار الجانبية وموانع الاستعمال
محمد رضا ستاري، زينب مختاري، حسين جباري، سيمين عذار مشايخي
الخلاصـة: الرغم من النجاح الذي حققه البرنامج الإيراني لتنظيم الأسرة، فإن عدد الأحمال غير المرغوبة لايزال مرتفعاً. ويهدف الباحثون للتعرُّف على ما إذا كان العاملون الصحيون في تبريز يقدمون المعلومات والمشورة الصحيحة حول استخدام مانعات الحمل الفموية. وتهدف هذه الدراسة للتعرُّف على مستوى المعارف والمواقف والممارسات لدى من يقدِّم مانعات الحمل الفموية. وشملت العينة 150 عاملاً صحياً في البيوت الصحية و150 صيدلياً في المجتمع أو في المستشفى، فأجابوا على استبيان حول المعارف عن الاستخدام الصحيح لموانع الحمل الفموية، وآثارها الجانبية، وموانع الاستعمال، وعلامات وأعراض الخطر، وفوائدها غير المانعة للحمل، وما إذا كانوا يقدِّمون المشورة للمرضى حول هذه المواضيع. واتضح أن معارف الصيادلة والعاملين الصحيين لم تكن مرتفعة، وأنهم كانوا يقدِّمون المشورة للمرضى في الكثير من المواضيع، حتى عندما كانوا يفتقدون المعلومات غير الصحيحة، وفي مجالات أخرى لم يكونوا يقدِّمون المعلومات للمرضى على الرغم من أنهم يملكون المعلومات الصحيحة. وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن التثقيف الصحي المستمرّ للقائمين على تقديم موانع الحمل الفموية ولاسيَّما للصيادلة أمرٌ يبدو ضرورياً.
ABSTRACT Despite the success of the Iranian family planning programme, the number of unwanted pregnancies remains high. To investigate whether health workers in Tabriz are providing correct information and counselling about OCP use, the current study was planned to examine the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of OCP providers. A sample of 150 health-care workers in health houses and 150 community/hospital pharmacists answered a questionnaire about knowledge of correct use of OCP, side-effects, contraindications, danger signs/symptoms and non-contraceptive benefits, and whether they counselled patients about these subjects. Knowledge of pharmacists and health workers was not as high as expected and in many topics they were counselling patients even when they had incorrect knowledge and in other areas they were not providing information to patients despite having the correct knowledge. Better continuing education for OCP providers and especially for pharmacists seems necessary.
Connaissances, attitudes et pratiques des pharmaciens et des agents de soins de santé concernant l'utilisation correcte des contraceptifs oraux, les effets secondaires et les contre-indications
RÉSUMÉ Malgré le succès du programme de planification familiale iranien, le nombre de grossesses non désirées reste élevé. Pour savoir si les agents de soins de santé à Tabriz fournissaient des informations et des conseils adaptés sur l'utilisation des pilules contraceptives, la présente étude a été planifiée pour examiner le niveau de connaissances, les attitudes et les pratiques des personnes qui dispensent des pilules contraceptives. Un échantillon de 150 agents de soins de santé dans des maisons de santé et de 150 pharmaciens en milieu hospitalier ou communautaire ont répondu au questionnaire évaluant leurs connaissances sur l'utilisation correcte des pilules contraceptives, les effets secondaires, les contre-indications, les signes de danger/symptômes et les avantages non-contraceptifs, mais aussi sur l'offre ou non de conseils aux patientes en la matière. Les connaissances des pharmaciens et des agents de soins de santé n'étaient pas aussi bonnes qu'escomptées. De plus, sur de nombreux sujets, ils conseillaient les patientes même lorsqu'ils avaient des connaissances erronées et dans d'autres domaines, ils s'abstenaient de proposer des conseils malgré la justesse de leurs connaissances. Améliorer la formation continue des des personnes qui dispensent des pilules contraceptives, et particulièrement des pharmaciens, semble nécessaire.
1Research Centre of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
2Students’ Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
3Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
4Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran (Correspondence to S. Mashayekhi:
Received: 07/02/12; accepted: 06/05/12
EMHJ, 2013, 19(6):547-554
Introduction
From a global perspective strategies are needed for controlling the rapid worldwide population growth of recent centuries [1,2], while from the individual perspective accurate and efficient methods are needed to prevent unwanted pregnancies and their adverse consequences [3]. Many factors play a role in the failure of contraception methods, including lack of knowledge about their use and side-effects. In order to provide users with useful information, health care providers need to be trained to transmit accurate and complete knowledge about contraception methods, and should be able to communicate adequately with users. According to an Iranian Ministry of Health report, the fertility rate in the Islamic Republic of Iran has decreased from 5.6 births/woman in 1985 [4] to 1.8 births/women in 2009 [5]. This can be attributed to the Iranian family planning programme that was proposed in December 1989 and which provides free contraceptives to families via the primary health care delivery system [6]. Despite the success of this programme the number of unwanted pregnancies remains high [7], raising questions about women’s compliance with contraceptive use.
Oral contraceptives pills (OCP) are one of the most effective reversible methods of preventing unwanted pregnancies. In the Islamic Republic of Iran women can obtain OCP from 2 sources: government-run health houses or community/hospital pharmacies. In the health houses health-care workers (HCW), who include midwives and family/public health educators, provide birth control methods (e.g. OCP and condoms) to families and educate them about their use. They provide a limited range of low-cost generic OCP free-of-charge to users. OCP are also dispensed by pharmacists in community or hospital outpatient pharmacies. In addition to the cheaper OCP pharmacies also sell the more expensive brand-name OCP.
The aim of the current study was to examine the level of knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacists and HCW who provide OCP to users in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Methods
Study setting and sample
Data were collected between November 2009 and October 2010 in Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran. All pharmacists and HCW working in Tabriz at the time of the study were invited to enter the study. The study was conducted during obligatory continuing medical education courses for pharmacists or monthly meetings for HCW. A total of 150 pharmacists and 150 HCW participated in the study
Data collection
The aims of the study were explained to the subjects and after obtaining written consent, they completed a questionnaire. A researcher was present at the time of completion of the questionnaires to answer any questions. The subjects were free to withdraw from the study at any time. All efforts were made to protect the participant’s rights and confidentiality.
The questionnaire was adopted from Gaudet et al.’s research [8] and translated into Farsi language with a few changes. The final questionnaire comprised 34 items including 6 about demographic data, and the validity and reliability of the questions were tested on 50 subjects prior to the study (Cronbach α = 0.88).
The questions were divided into the following sections: demographic information (age, sex, years of experience, education level); general knowledge about OCP (which OCP they provided/sold; reasons for recommending OCP; maximum duration for safe use of OCP; users’ health history prior to initiation of OCP; recommended checkups for users of OCP); and knowledge and counselling about OCP use (how to initiate OCP and what to do about missed pills; non-contraceptive benefits of OCP; side-effects of OCP; controversies/myths regarding OCP; and serious dangers/risks of OCP). In the knowledge and counselling section, respondents were asked to answer each knowledge topic (scored as correct, incorrect or no response) and whether they counselled patients about that topic (scored yes/no).
The different types of OCP available on the Iranian market are: high-dose generic monophasics (50 µg ethinyl estradiol/0.5 mg norgestrel), low-dose generic monophasics (30 µg ethinyl estradiol/0.3 mg norgestrel), generic triphasics, levonorgestrel (breast-feeding OCP), Marvelon® (30 µg ethinyl estradiol/150 µg desogestrel), Desoceptive (30 µg ethinyl estradiol/150 µg desogestrel), Yasmin® (30 µg ethinyl estradiol/3 mg drospirenone), and cyproterone compound (35 µg ethinyl estradiol/2 mg cyproterone acetate).
Analysis
The results are reported as mean and standard deviation (SD), number and percentages. Student t-test and chi-squared tests were used for analysis of quantitative and qualitative variables respectively, utilizing SPSS, version 15. A significant level of P < 0.05 was adopted for all tests.
Results
Demographic information
The mean age of the pharmacists was 37.9 (SD 9.6) (range 23–77) years and of HCW was 37.0 (SD 4.6) (range 26–50) years with no significant difference between the 2 groups (P = 0.32). There was a significant sex difference between the groups; 47.3% of pharmacists and 100% of HCW were female (P < 0.001). The average work experience of pharmacists was 13.0 (SD 8.9) (range 1–53) years while HCW had 9.3 (SD 5.5) (1–24) years of work experience (P < 0.05). The education level in the pharmacists’ group was DPharm in all cases but was bachelor or associate degree for 65.3% and 34.7% respectively of HCW.
General knowledge about OCP
Contraceptive low-dose generic OCP were sold/provided to users by 98.7% of both groups. In the pharmacists’ group the next most commonly sold formulations were high-dose generic OCP (91.3%), levonorgestrel (80.0%), triphasics (73.3%), Marvelon® (65.3%), Yasmin® (60.7%), Desoceptive® (58.7%) and cyproterone compound (58.7%). For the HCW group the next most common formulations provided were levonorgestrel (96.0%), triphasics (91.3%), high-dose generics (58.0%) and Marvelon®, Yasmin®, Desoceptive® and cyproterone compound (all < 10%).
The main reasons for recommendation of OCP reported by both groups was effectiveness (92.0% and 86.7% for HCW and pharmacists respectively). Other important reasons given by pharmacists were low price (64.0%), ease of use (63.3%), ease of availability (64.0%) and reversibility (62.7%). Other reasons given by HCW were ease of use (79.3%), ease of availability (72.0%), independence from husbands (61.3%), reversibility (58.8%) and low price (53.3%). The average maximum duration that pharmacists recommended for safe use of OCP was 43.3 (SD 30.0) months (range 6–120 months) while this was 45.4 (SD 32.1) months (range 3–180 months) according to HCW (P < 0.05). Pharmacists reported that they provided OCP mainly on prescription from clinicians (50.7%), while HCW themselves generally prescribed and provided OCP to users (76.7%).
Knowledge about initiation and use of OCP
The most common time for tablet-taking recommended by both groups was night-time before sleeping (95.2% and 85.3% for HCW and pharmacists respectively). The opinions of pharmacists and HCW regarding the necessary questions to ask users about their health history before initiating OCP are shown in Table 1 . Significantly more pharmacists recommended enquiring about users’ history of diabetes, hypertension, epilepsy, coagulation diseases, past breast cancer, migraine, gallbladder disease and depression and about surgery in the near future (P < 0.001). Significantly more HCW recommended enquiring about history of uterus infections and liver disease (P < 0.001).
Around 85% of both groups knew the correct initiation method of OCP (P > 0.05) but only 72.7% and 47.3% of HCW and pharmacists respectively gave this information to the users (Table 2).
About half of HCW and one-third of pharmacists knew what action users should take if they forgot to take 1 tablet of low- or high-dose monophasic OCPs but fewer knew what users should do about 2 or more missed pills (33.3% and 31.9%, respectively, P > 0.05). Despite this obvious lack of knowledge, the proportions giving counselling were fairly high (72.0% versus 50.7% respectively). Only 65.7% and 54.0% of HCW and pharmacists knew the correct action for 1 missed triphasic pill but much fewer knew what users should do about 2 missed triphasic pills (20.1% and 16.3%). Despite this lack of knowledge 68.7% and 35.3% of HCW and pharmacists respectively gave advice to the users.
Knowledge about non-contraceptive benefits of OCP
Pharmacists’ and HCWs’ knowledge regarding the non-contraceptive benefits of OCP was determined by 3 questions (Table 2). While only 74.0% of pharmacists knew OCP could reduce bleeding during monthly periods, this was known by 94.7% of HCW (P < 0.001). Advising users about this information was done by HCW more than pharmacists (62.7% versus 22.0%). About 93.4% of HCW knew that OCPs could reduce menstrual pain but only 65.4% advised users about this topic. For pharmacists knowledge about this subject was 72.0% and providing counselling was 26.0%. About 60% of both groups knew that appearance of new acne was not OCP-related or even serious and did not require a visit to a physician (P < 0.05). The proportions who gave advice were reasonably high (45.9% and 30.7% for HCW and pharmacists respectively).
Knowledge about potential problems with OCP
Almost 90% of both groups knew that drug–drug interaction with OCP could occur with some but not all medications (Table 2). However, only 35.3% of pharmacists provided information to users about this issue. The level of advice by HCW was twice as high (P < 0.05).
Only half of HCW and pharmacists knew that when there was no menstrual bleeding at the end of a pack of OCP it was necessary to start a new pack and also to visit a doctor but 36.7% and 20.1% of HCW and pharmacists respectively recommended starting a new pack and not visiting a doctor, while 12.0% and 24.3% of HCW and pharmacists recommended stopping tablets altogether.
About 80% of both groups knew that visiting a doctor was necessary when there if users had pain or oedema in the thigh or calf and 19.4% and 66.0% respectively of pharmacists and HCW said that they provided this information to users (P < 0.05). In case of severe headaches, 56.6% and 62.0% of HCW and pharmacists respectively thought that users should take pain killers and visit their doctor (P < 0.05) while only 37.8% and 20.1% of HCW and pharmacists knew that OCP should be discontinued. Despite this lack of knowledge, 65.3% and 16.1% of HCW and pharmacists said they would provide advice to users.
Knowledge about OCP side-effects
A majority of HCW and pharmacists (52.7% and 62.0% respectively) knew that breakthrough bleeding could occur during OCP use and also that users should continue tablet-taking and visit a physician if the problem persisted (P < 0.01) (Table 3); 32.0% and 17.1% of HCW and pharmacists thought there was no need for a physician’s visit and 14.0% of HCW and 16.2% of pharmacists believed that OCP should be stopped immediately.
Pharmacists knew that taking the tablets with food (28.0%) or with an antiemetic (21.0%) or at a different time of day (30.0%) could diminish OCP induced nausea and vomiting and only 4.0% recommended discontinuation of these medications and a physician visit. HCWs knew that taking the tablets with food (39.3%) or with an antiemetic (56.0%) or at a different time of day (6.0%) could diminish OCP induced nausea and vomiting and but only 10.7% said users should see a physician, while 70.1% of HCW and 42.0% of pharmacists said they provided users with this information..
Of the HCW and pharmacists 42.7% and 48.0% respectively correctly believed that breast tenderness did not need a physician visit or discontinuation of OCP. Although about 50% of the respondents in both groups believed users should visit a physician and about 17.0% believed they should stop taking tablets, 66.7% and 16.0% HCW and pharmacists respectively gave information about this side-effect to users (P < 0.001).
Knowledge about other recommendations during OCP use
A great majority of HCW and pharmacists (89.6% and 70.0% respectively) knew that smoking could increase the risks associated with OCP but only 62.0% and 12.0% provided this information to users (P < 0.001) (Table 3). While 41.3% and 30.0% of HCW and pharmacists knew that OCP could reduce ovarian and uterine cancers respectively, almost 40% of both group wrongly believed OCP could increase the risk of these cancers. Despite this lack of knowledge 58.7% of HCW said they provided users with information on these subjects. In the case of endocervical cancer, 67.3% of the respondents in HCWs group and 48.7% of pharmacists knew that OCP could increase the risk but still in HCWs and pharmacists groups, 15.1% and 30.1% thought a decreased chance of breast cancer could occur by OCP use. The rate of counselling about this issue among the HCW and pharmacists was 52.0% and 14.7% respectively.
The percentages of HCW and pharmacists who recommended physical examination of various organs for patients taking OCP are shown in Table 3. Significantly more HCW than pharmacists recommended regular checkups for heart and lung function, hypertension, weight, cervical smear, varicose veins, coagulation problems, lipid profile and thyroid profile.
Knowledge about controversies or myths concerning OCP
Although 76.7% of pharmacists and 81.4% of HCW believed that OCP could increase users’ body weight only about 15% of both groups believed it did not cause any weight changes and < 3% of the respondents thought it could decrease weight; 70.0% and 21.3% of HCW and pharmacists gave information regarding possible changes in body weight to users (Table 2).
Whereas 82.0% and 60.7% of HCW and pharmacists believed that OCP use did not have an effect on a woman’s future child-bearing (P < 0.001), 9.0% and 17.9% thought it would reduce the possibility of having children in the future; 67.3% and 20.1% of HCW and pharmacists counselled users about this subject (P < 0.001).
On the issue of dry mouth 32.6% and 42.0% of HCW and pharmacists believed that dry mouth caused by OCP was not an indication for drug discontinuation and could be solved by drinking extra water. Interestingly 52.6% and 15.4% of HCW and pharmacists said they had provided users with this untrue information.
Discussion
This study compared 2 groups of professionals: HCW, who were midwives and family/public health educators, and pharmacists engaged in community or hospital outpatient pharmacies. As shown in the results there were differences between these groups in the level and type of education, but there are also differences in the type and frequency of continuing education, type of clientele and responsibilities, types and prices of OCP dispensed and level of workload. HCW receive training for family planning in nursing and midwifery schools and also have monthly classes to update their information. Pharmacists are trained in schools of pharmacies and have continuing medical education after graduation, which rarely covers OCP-related topics. These could affect providers’ knowledge and advice to users as seen from the results of this study.
The study highlighted 2 problems; one was the lack of or low level of knowledge about OCP and the other was the low level of counselling of OCP users. When there is insufficient knowledge among providers, users will not receive information on how to use OCP, what to do when a problem occurs or which signs they should be looking out for. In the case of pharmacists, we saw a lower level of knowledge in many areas of OCP usage, side-effects, signs of problem and contraindications than for HCW. There were also areas of poor knowledge among the HCW but these were less concerning than in the pharmacists’ group. In other words, HCW had a higher level of knowledge compared with pharmacists. Furthermore, HCW were more often providing counselling to users compared with the pharmacists. Nevertheless, not all knowledge resulted in counselling, which shows deficiencies in communication with OCP users. This might be as a result of lack of communication skills due to lack of training [9,10], an unsuitable environment for counselling and a high number of clientele or responsibilities. Similar results were observed in previous studies in which pregnant women in Islamic Republic of Iran reported obtaining information from HCW rather than pharmacists [11–13].
When counselling occurs with appropriate knowledge, it is useful for users and could improve the efficacy of OCP use, but serious problems could occur when the health care providers are counselling about areas where their knowledge is poor. This means users could receive information that is incorrect and potentially dangerous. By offering further education and training for providers of OCP, and improving providers’ knowledge, the value of the offered counselling will improve.
Health professionals including pharmacists need better training in communication and counselling for patients. Improved counselling techniques, combined with a better knowledge level about OCP use, side-effects and life-threatening problems, could improve patients’ compliance with OCP use and hence reduce the problem of unwanted pregnancies.
Acknowledgements
The present study is the output of the PharmD thesis of Dr Zeynab Mokhtari (thesis No 3532, registered in Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences).
Competing interests: None declared.
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